- Fuster V.
- Ryden L.E.
- Cannom D.S.
- et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll Card. 2006; 48: 149-246- Humphries K.H.
- Jackevicius C.
- Gong Y.
- et al.
Population rates of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation/flutter in Canada.
Can J Cardiol. 2004; 20: 869-876- Wattigney W.A.
- Mensah G.A.
- Croft J.B.
Increasing trends in hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 1985 through 1999: implications for primary prevention.
Circulation. 2003; 108: 711-716- Friberg J.
- Buch P.
- Scharling H.
- Gadsbphioll N.
- Jensen G.B.
Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation.
Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 666-672- Krahn A.D.
- Manfreda J.
- Tate R.B.
- Mathewson F.A.
- Cuddy T.E.
The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study.
Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-484- Flegel K.M.
- Shipley M.J.
- Rose G.
Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.
Lancet. 1987; 1: 526-529- Wolf P.A.
- Abbott R.D.
- Kannel W.B.
Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study.
Stroke. 1991; 22: 983-988- Heilbron B.
- Klein G.J.
- Talajic M.
- Guerra P.G.
2004 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference: atrial fibrillation–management of atrial fibrillation in the emergency department and following acute myocardial infarction.
Can J Cardiol. 2005; 21: 61B-66B2004 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference: atrial fibrillation–etiology and initial investigation of atrial fibrillation.
Can J Cardiol. 2005; 21: 11B-14BManagement of supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department.
Can J Cardiol. 1997; 13: 19A-24A- Michael J.A.
- Stiell I.G.
- Agarwal S.
- Mandavia D.P.
Cardioversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the emergency department.
Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 33: 379-3872004 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference: atrial fibrillation–rate control versus rhythm control: decision making.
Can J Cardiol. 2005; 21: 15B-18BNewly diagnosed atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2408-2416- Hiatt W.R.
- Lincoff M.
- Harrington R.A.
Acute pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm.
Circulation. 2008; 117: 2956-2957- Taylor D.M.
- Aggarwall A.
- Carter M.
- Garewal D.
- Hunt D.
Management of new onset atrial fibrillation in previously well patients less than 60 years of age.
Emerg Med Austral. 2005; 17: 4-10- Raghavan A.V.
- Decker W.W.
- Meloy T.D.
Management of atrial fibrillation in the emergency department.
Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2005; 23: 1127-1139- Burton J.H.
- Vinson D.R.
- Drummond K.
- et al.
Electrical cardioversion of emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation.
Ann Emerg Med. 2004; 44: 20-30- Stiell I.G.
- Clement C.M.
- Brison R.J.
- et al.
Variation in management of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter (RAFF) among academic hospital emergency departments.
Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 57: 13-21Cardioversion of uncomplicated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a survey of practice by Canadian emergency physicians.
Can J Emerg Med. 2004; 6: 155-160- Marx J.A.
- Hockberger R.S.
- Walls R.W.
Rosen's Emergency Medicine: concepts and clinical practice.
6th ed. Mosby,
St Louis2006- Wyse D.G.
- Waldo A.L.
- DiMarco J.P.
- et al.
- Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators
A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1825-1833- Roy D.
- Talajic M.
- Nattel S.
- et al.
Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2667-2677- Decker W.W.
- Smars P.A.
- Vaidyanathan L.
- et al.
A prospective, randomized trial of an emergency department observation unit for acute onset atrial fibrillation.
Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52: 322-328- Santini M.
- De Ferrari G.M.
- Pandozi C.
- et al.
Atrial fibrillation requiring urgent medical care.
Ital Heart J. 2004; 5: 205-213- del Arco C.
- Martin A.
- Laguna P.
- Gargantilla P.
- Spanish Atrial Fibrillation in Emergency Medicince Study Group
Analysis of current management of atrial fibrillation in the acute setting: GEFAUR-1 study.
Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46: 424-430- Stiell I.G.
- Clement C.M.
- Perry J.J.
- et al.
An aggressive protocol for rapid management and discharge of emergency department patients with recent-onset episodes of atrial fibrillation and flutter.
Can J Emerg Med. 2010; 12: 181-191A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of sotalol, amiodarone and digoxin for the reversion of new-onset atrial fibrillation.
Ann Emerg Med. 2000; 36: 1-9- Domanovits H.
- Schillinger M.
- Thoennissen J.
- et al.
Termination of recent-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter in the emergency department: a sequential approach with intravenous ibutilide and external electrical cardioversion.
Resuscitation. 2000; 45: 181-187- Lemery R.
- Brugada P.
- Cheriex E.
- Wellens H.J.
Reversibility of tachycardia-induced left ventricular dysfunction after closed-chest catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction for intractable atrial fibrillation.
Am J Cardiol. 1987; 60: 1406-1408Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias.
Br Heart J. 1967; 29: 469-489The management of chronic atrial fibrillation: indications and method of conversion to sinus rhythm.
Prof Cardiovasc Dis. 1959; 2: 465-479- Singer D.E.
- Albers G.W.
- Dalen J.E.
- et al.
Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).
Chest. 2008; 133: 546S-552S- Oral H.
- Ozaydin M.
- Sticherling C.
- et al.
Effect of atrial fibrillation duration on probability of immediate recurrence after transthoracic cardioversion.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003; 14: 182-185- Schwartzman D.
- Musley S.
- Koehler J.
- Warman E.
Impact of atrial fibrillation duration on postcardioversion recurrence.
Heart Rhythm. 2005; 2: 1324-1329Risks and benefits of antiarrhythmic therapy.
N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 785-791ACLS Guidelines: Part 7.3: Management of symptomatic bradycardia and tachycardia.
Circulation. 2005; 112: IV-67-IV-77- Nichol G.
- McAlister F.A.
- Pham B.
- et al.
Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents at promoting sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Heart. 2002; 87: 535-543- Stiell I.G.
- Clement C.
- Symington C.
- et al.
Emergency department use of intravenous procainamide for patients with acute atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 1158-1164- Blanc J.F.
- De Ledinghen V.
- Trimoulet P.
- et al.
Premalignant lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-cirrhotic alcoholic patient with iron overload and normal transferrin saturation.
J Hepatol. 1999; 30: 325-329Single oral loading dose of propafenone for pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 542-547- Alboni P.
- Botto G.L.
- Baldi N.
- et al.
Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the “pill-in-the-pocket” approach.
N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2384-2391- Hongo R.H.
- Themistoclakis S.
- Raviele A.
- et al.
Use of ibutilide in cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter treated with class IC agents.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 864-868- Gowda R.M.
- Khan I.A.
- Wilbur S.L.
- Vasavada B.C.
- Sacchi T.J.
Torsade de pointes: the clinical considerations.
Int J Cardiol. 2004; 96: 1-6- Martinez-Marcos F.J.
- Garcia-Garmendia J.L.
- Ortega-Carpio A.
- et al.
Comparison of intravenous flecainide, propafenone and amiodarone for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm.
Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 950-953- Tijunelis M.A.
- Herbert M.E.
Myth: intravenous amiodarone is safe in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the emergency department.
Can J Emerg Med. 2005; 7: 262-265- Hilleman D.E.
- Spinler S.A.
Conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with intravenous amiodarone: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 66-74- Chevalier P.
- Durand-Dubief A.
- Burri H.
- et al.
Amiodarone versus placebo and classic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.
J Am Coll Card. 2003; 41: 255-262- Letelier L.M.
- Udol K.
- Ena J.
- Weaver B.
- Guyatt G.H.
Effectiveness of amiodarone for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: a meta-analysis.
Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 777-785- Miller M.R.
- McNamara R.L.
- Segal J.B.
- et al.
Efficacy of agents for pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibrillation and subsequent maintenance of sinus rhythm: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.
J Fam Pract. 2000; 49: 1033-1046- Roy D.
- Rowe B.H.
- Stiell I.G.
- et al.
A randomized, controlled trial of RSD1235, a novel anti-arrhythmic agent, in the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 2355-2361- Roy D.
- Pratt C.M.
- Torp-Pedersen C.
- et al.
Vernakalant hydrochloride for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation.
Circulation. 2008; 117: 1518-1525Initial energy for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: is more better?.
Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 324-325- de la Morandiere K.P.
- Morriss H.
Paddle position in emergency cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.
Emerg Med J. 2005; 22: 44-46- Gage B.F.
- Waterman A.D.
- Shannon W.
- et al.
Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation.
JAMA. 2001; 285: 2864-2870- Wang T.J.
- Massaro J.M.
- Levy D.
- et al.
A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: The Framingham Heart Study.
JAMA. 2003; 290: 1049-1056- Hylek E.M.
- Evans-Molina C.
- Shea C.
- et al.
Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation.
Circulation. 2007; 115: 2689-2696Bleeding while starting anticoagulation for thromboembolism prophylaxis in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: from bad to worse.
Circulation. 2007; 115: 2684-2686- Connolly S.J.
- Ezekowitz M.D.
- Yusuf S.
- et al.
Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 1139-1151- van Ryn J.
- Stangier J.
- Haertter S.
- et al.
Dabigatran etexilate: a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity.
Thromb Haemost. 2010; 103: 1116-1127- Cairns J.A.
- Connolly S.
- McMurtry S.
- Stephenson M.
- Talajic M.
- CCS Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines Committee
Canadian Cardiovascular Society Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines 2010: prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter.
Can J Cardiol. 2011; 27: 74-90- Nieuwlaat R.
- Dinh T.
- Olsson S.B.
- et al.
Should we abandon the common practice of withholding oral anticoagulation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation?.
Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 915-922Atrial fibrillation subtypes, risk of stroke, and antithrombotic therapy.
Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 840-842- Klein A.L.
- Grimm R.A.
- Murray D.
- et al.
Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1411-1420Strategies for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: time for a change?.
N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 : 1468-1470