Abstract
Herein, updated evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in Canadian adults are detailed. For 2014, 3 existing recommendations were modified and 2 new recommendations were added. The following recommendations were modified: (1) the recommended sodium intake threshold was changed from ≤ 1500 mg (3.75 g of salt) to approximately 2000 mg (5 g of salt) per day; (2) a pharmacotherapy treatment initiation systolic blood pressure threshold of ≥ 160 mm Hg was added in very elderly (age ≥ 80 years) patients who do not have diabetes or target organ damage (systolic blood pressure target in this population remains at < 150 mm Hg); and (3) the target population recommended to receive low-dose acetylsalicylic acid therapy for primary prevention was narrowed from all patients with controlled hypertension to only those ≥ 50 years of age. The 2 new recommendations are: (1) advice to be cautious when lowering systolic blood pressure to target levels in patients with established coronary artery disease if diastolic blood pressure is ≤ 60 mm Hg because of concerns that myocardial ischemia might be exacerbated; and (2) the addition of glycated hemoglobin (A1c) in the diagnostic work-up of patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. The rationale for these recommendation changes is discussed. In addition, emerging data on blood pressure targets in stroke patients are discussed; these data did not lead to recommendation changes at this time. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations will continue to be updated annually.
Résumé
Ici nous présentons en détail les mises à jour des recommandations fondées sur des preuves concernant le diagnostic, l’évaluation, la prévention et le traitement de l’hypertension artérielle des adultes canadiens. Pour l’année 2014, 3 recommandations ont été modifiées et 2 nouvelles recommandations ont été ajoutées. Les recommandations suivantes ont été modifiées : 1) les seuils de l’apport recommandé en sodium sont passés de ≤ 1500 mg (3,75 g de sel) à approximativement 2000 mg (5 g de sel) par jour; 2) un seuil de ≥ 160 mm Hg pour la pression artérielle systolique au début de la pharmacothérapie a été ajouté pour les patients très âgés (≥ 80 ans) n’ayant pas de diabète ou d’atteinte à un organe cible (les valeurs cibles de pression artérielle systolique chez cette population ont été maintenues à < 150 mm Hg); 3) la population cible devant recevoir le traitement d’acide acétylsalicylique à faible dose pour la prévention primaire est passée de tous les patients ayant une hypertension qui est contrôlée à seulement ceux ayant ≥ 50 ans. Les 2 nouvelles recommandations sont : 1) les conseils de prudence lors de la diminution de la pression artérielle systolique aux valeurs cibles chez les patients ayant une coronaropathie établie si la pression artérielle diastolique est ≤ 60 mm Hg puisque les risques liés à l’ischémie myocardique pourraient être exacerbés; 2) l’ajout de l’hémoglobine glyquée (A1c) au bilan diagnostique des patients ayant nouvellement reçu un diagnostic d’hypertension. Nous discutons des raisons de ces modifications des recommandations. Nous discutons également des nouvelles données sur les valeurs cibles de pression artérielle chez les patients ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral; ces données n’ont actuellement pas entraîné de modifications des recommandations. Les recommandations du Programme éducatif canadien sur l’hypertension continueront d’être mises à jour annuellement.
Executive Summary
Objective: To provide updated 2014 evidence-based recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults.
Methods: A medical librarian independently conducted a MEDLINE search current to August 2013. Reference lists were reviewed and experts were contacted to identify additional studies. Content and methodology experts reviewed and appraised relevant articles using standardized grading algorithms. For pharmacologic interventions, evidence from randomized trials and systematic reviews of trials were preferred and changes in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and total mortality, were the primary outcomes of interest. For health behaviour management, blood pressure (BP)-lowering was accepted as a primary outcome. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), progressive renal impairment was accepted as a clinically relevant primary outcome. All recommendations were graded according to the strength of the supporting evidence, and newly proposed recommendations or changes to existing recommendations were discussed at a consensus conference held October 15-16, 2013, in Montreal, Canada. Proposed changes to the recommendations accepted at the consensus conference were subsequently voted on by the 69 members of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) Recommendations Task Force (RTF). Recommendations that received at least 70% task force approval were accepted as final.
Recommendations
Diagnosis and assessment
One new recommendation related to the addition of glycated hemoglobin (A1C) as a diagnostic screening test in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients was added.
Prevention and treatment
For 2014, 3 existing recommendations were modified and 1 new recommendation was added. Modifications to existing recommendations include: (1) a change in the recommended sodium intake threshold to approximately 2000 mg (5 g of salt) per day from ≤ 1500 mg (3.75 g of salt); (2) the addition of a systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 160 mm Hg pharmacotherapy treatment initiation threshold in very elderly (age ≥ 80 years) patients who do not have diabetes or target organ damage (with the SBP target in this population remaining at < 150 mm Hg); and (3) a modification to the target population recommended to receive low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy for primary prevention from all controlled hypertensive patients to those ≥ 50 years. The new recommendations include advice to be cautious when lowering SBP to target levels in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) if diastolic BP (DBP) is ≤ 60 mm Hg because of concerns that myocardial ischemia might be exacerbated.
Updates
CHEP will continue to update recommendations annually.
Introduction
Hypertension affects approximately 20% of the Canadian adult population
1
, 2
and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, CKD, and death, remaining largely silent until the development of complications.3
, 4
Worldwide, high BP affects more than 40% of adults5
and is the leading global risk factor for death or disability.6
BP control rates are nearly 65% in Canada and 13.2% globally.1
, 5
With the goal of improving hypertension prevention, detection, assessment, and management in Canadian adults, the CHEP, with funding from Hypertension Canada, produces annually updated, evidence-based recommendations for primary care and other health care providers. This document outlines all recommendations endorsed by the CHEP RTF and contains detailed discussion of the evidence base and rationale for recommendations that have been updated or newly added for 2014. Discussion of the rationale for recommendations that remain unchanged is available in previous publications.
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A full set of supplementary tables are available as an online supplement to this article.The recommendations detailed herein are intended to guide health care providers and should not replace sound clinical judgement. Practitioners are advised to consider patient preferences when applying these recommendations in the care of their patients and should note that CHEP does not currently take into account economic considerations when formulating recommendations. Although individual antihypertensive agents may be mentioned when discussing evidence, the reader should assume a class effect, unless otherwise stated.
Methods
The CHEP RTF is a multidisciplinary panel of content and methodological experts comprised of 2 Co-Chairs, a Central Review Committee (CRC), and 23 subgroups. Each subgroup addresses a distinct content area in hypertension (see Supplemental Appendix S1 for the current CHEP membership list). Members of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Canadian Diabetes Association Guidelines Committee, Canadian Society of Nephrology, Canadian Stroke Network, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and the Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline Endeavour Initiative regularly collaborate with CHEP members to facilitate harmonization of hypertension-related recommendations across organizations. In many cases, the CHEP RTF members serve as volunteers for multiple organizations.
Systematic literature searches current to August 2013 were performed by a Cochrane Collaboration librarian in MEDLINE/PubMed using text words and MeSH headings. Search terms included hypertension[MeSH], hypertens*[ti, ab], and blood pressure; these were combined with topic-specific terms. Bibliographies of identified articles were also manually searched. Details of search strategies and retrieved articles are available on request. Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews of randomized trials were reviewed for treatment recommendations and cross-sectional and cohort studies were reviewed for assessment of diagnosis and prognosis.
Each subgroup examined the search results pertinent to its content area. Studies that assessed relevant outcomes were selected for further review. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and total mortality outcomes were prioritized for pharmacotherapy studies. For health behaviour recommendations, BP was considered an acceptable surrogate and, in patients with CKD, progressive renal impairment was considered to be a clinically important outcome. Study characteristics and study quality were assessed using prespecified, standardized algorithms developed by the CHEP
29
for the critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Recommendations were graded according to the strength of their underlying evidence (for details, see Supplemental Table S1), ranging from Grade A (strongest evidence, based on high-quality studies) to Grade D (weakest evidence, based on low power, imprecise studies, or expert opinion alone). Although the CHEP does not use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) recommendation scheme (www.gradeworkinggroup.org), it should be noted that all CHEP recommendations are considered to be “strong” in nature (ie, the CHEP refrains from making “weak” recommendations). Thus, the CHEP grading scheme refers only to the quality of evidence and not to the relative strength of the recommendation. For pharmacotherapy recommendations, as a general rule, the CHEP considers evidence evaluating specific agents to be generalizable to a “class effect.” For diuretic therapy, the term “thiazides” refers to hydrochlorthiazide (or similar agents) and the term “thiazide-like” refers to chlorthalidone and indapamide.Subgroup members, considered content experts in their fields, were responsible for reviewing annual search results and, if indicated, drafting new recommendations or proposing changes to old recommendations. An independent CRC consisting of methodological experts with no industry affiliations independently reviewed, graded, and refined proposed recommendations, which were then presented at a consensus conference of the RTF in Montreal, Canada on October 16 and 17, 2013. This meeting included the Co-Chairs, CRC, and members of all subgroups. Further revisions to the proposed recommendations were based on these discussions.
After the consensus meeting, the recommendations were finalized and submitted electronically to all 69 voting members of the CHEP RTF for approval. Members with potential conflicts of interest recused themselves from voting on specific recommendations (a list of conflicts is in Supplemental Appendix S2). Recommendations receiving > 70% approval passed. The CHEP recommendations process is in accordance with the AGREE II guidelines
30
and has been externally reviewed. A summary of how the CHEP process aligns with Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II may be found online at: http://www.hypertension.ca/en/chep/overview-a-process agree. Materials to assist with patient and public education based on these recommendations are freely available at: http://www.hypertension.ca.The 2014 CHEP Diagnosis and Assessment Recommendations
I. Accurate measurement of BP
- 1.Health care professionals who have been specifically trained to measure BP accurately should assess BP in all adult patients at all appropriate visits to determine cardiovascular risk and monitor antihypertensive treatment (Grade D).
- 2.Use of standardized measurement techniques (Supplemental Table S2) is recommended when assessing BP (Grade D).
- 3.Automated office BP measurement (OBPM) can be used in the assessment of office BP (Grade D).
- 4.When used in proper conditions, automated office SBP of ≥ 135 mm Hg or DBP of ≥ 85 mm Hg should be considered analogous to mean awake ambulatory SBP of ≥ 135 mm Hg and DBP of ≥ 85 mm Hg, respectively (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
II. Criteria for diagnosis of hypertension and recommendations for follow-up (Fig. 1)
- 1.At initial presentation, patients demonstrating features of a hypertensive urgency or emergency (Supplemental Table S3) should be diagnosed as hypertensive and require immediate management (Grade D).
![Figure thumbnail gr1]()
Figure 1The expedited assessment and diagnosis of patients with hypertension: Focus on validated technologies for BP assessment. ** Thresholds refer to BP values averaged across the corresponding number of visits and not just the most recent office visit. ABPM, ambulatory BP monitoring; BP, blood pressure (mm Hg); DBP, diastolic BP (mm Hg); HBPM, home BP measurement; HTN, hypertension; OBPM, office BP measurement; SBP, systolic BP (mm Hg).Reproduced with permission from the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. - 2.If SBP is ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP is ≥ 90 mm Hg, a specific visit should be scheduled for the assessment of hypertension (Grade D). If BP is high-normal (SBP 130-139 mm Hg and/or DBP 85-89 mm Hg), annual follow-up is recommended (Grade C).
- 3.At the initial visit for the assessment of hypertension, if SBP is ≥ 140 and/or DBP is ≥ 90 mm Hg, at least 2 more readings should be taken during the same visit using a validated device and according to the recommended procedure for accurate BP determination (Supplemental Table S2). The first reading should be discarded and the latter 2 or more readings averaged. A history and physical examination should be performed and, if clinically indicated, diagnostic tests to search for target organ damage (Supplemental Table S4) and associated cardiovascular risk factors (Supplemental Table S5) should be arranged within 2 visits. Exogenous factors that can induce or aggravate hypertension should be identified and addressed if possible (Supplemental Table S6). Visit 2 should be scheduled within 1 month (Grade D).
- 4.At visit 2 for the assessment of hypertension, patients with macrovascular target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, or CKD (glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) can be diagnosed as hypertensive if SBP is ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP is ≥ 90 mm Hg (Grade D).
- 5.At visit 2 for the assessment of hypertension, patients without macrovascular target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, or CKD can be diagnosed as hypertensive if the SBP is ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or the DBP is ≥ 110 mm Hg (Grade D). Patients without macrovascular target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, or CKD but with lower BP levels should undergo further evaluation using any of the 3 approaches outlined next:
- i.OBPM: Using manual OBPM, patients can be diagnosed as hypertensive if the SBP is ≥ 160 mm Hg or the DBP is ≥ 100 mm Hg averaged across the first 3 visits, or if the SBP averages ≥ 140 mm Hg or the DBP averages ≥ 90 mm Hg averaged across 5 visits (Grade D).
- ii.Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM): Using ABPM (see Recommendations in section VIII. ABPM), patients can be diagnosed as hypertensive if the mean awake SBP is ≥ 135 mm Hg or the DBP is ≥ 85 mm Hg or if the mean 24-hour SBP is ≥ 130 mm Hg or the DBP is ≥ 80 mm Hg (Grade C).
- iii.Home BP monitoring (HBPM): Using HBPM (see Recommendations in section VII. HBPM), patients can be diagnosed as hypertensive if the average SBP is ≥ 135 mm Hg or the DBP is ≥ 85 mm Hg (Grade C). If the average home BP is < 135/85 mm Hg, it is advisable to either repeat home monitoring to confirm the home BP is < 135/85 mm Hg or perform 24-hour ABPM to confirm that the mean 24-hour ABPM is < 130/80 mm Hg and the mean awake ABPM is < 135/85 mm Hg before diagnosing white coat hypertension (Grade D).
- i.
- 6.Investigations for secondary causes of hypertension should be initiated in patients with suggestive clinical and/or laboratory features (outlined in sections V. Assessment for Renovascular Hypertension and VI. Endocrine Hypertension) (Grade D).
- 7.If, at the last diagnostic visit, the patient is not diagnosed as hypertensive and has no evidence of macrovascular target organ damage, the patient's BP should be assessed at yearly intervals (Grade D).
- 8.Hypertensive patients actively modifying their health behaviours should be followed up at 3- to 6-month intervals. Shorter intervals (every 1 or 2 months) are needed for patients with higher BP measurements (Grade D).
- 9.Patients using antihypertensive drugs should be seen monthly or every 2 months, depending on the level of BP, until readings on 2 consecutive visits are below their target (Grade D). Shorter intervals between visits will be needed for symptomatic patients and those with severe hypertension, intolerance to antihypertensive drugs, or target organ damage (Grade D). When the target BP has been reached, patients should be seen at 3- to 6-month intervals (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
III. Assessment of overall cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients
- 1.Global cardiovascular risk should be assessed. Multifactorial risk assessment models can be used to predict more accurately an individual's global cardiovascular risk (Grade A) and to use antihypertensive therapy more efficiently (Grade D). In the absence of Canadian data to determine the accuracy of risk calculations, avoid using absolute levels of risk to support treatment decisions (Grade C).
- 2.Consider informing patients of their global risk to improve the effectiveness of risk factor modification (Grade B). Consider also using analogies that describe comparative risk such as “cardiovascular age,” “vascular age,” or “heart age” to inform patients of their risk status (Grade B).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014. Risk calculators are freely available at: www.myhealthcheckup.com (www.monbilansante.com) and www.score-canada.ca. The latter Web site is the Systematic Cerebrovascular and Coronary Risk Evaluation [SCORE]) risk calculator. Although no risk engine developed from Canadian data exists, Canadian cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality risk have been integrated into the original SCORE risk engine to produce specific estimates for the Canadian population (SCORE Canada).
IV. Routine and optional laboratory tests for the investigation of patients with hypertension
- 1.Routine laboratory tests that should be performed for the investigation of all patients with hypertension include the following:
- i.Urinalysis (Grade D);
- ii.Blood chemistry (potassium, sodium, and creatinine) (Grade D);
- iii.Fasting blood glucose and/or glycated hemoglobin (A1C) (Grade D) (new recommendation);
- iv.Fasting serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides (Grade D); and
- v.Standard 12-lead electrocardiography (Grade C).
- i.
- 2.Assess urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetes (Grade D).
- 3.All treated hypertensive patients should be monitored according to the current Canadian Diabetes Association guidelines for the new appearance of diabetes (Grade B).
- 4.During the maintenance phase of hypertension management, tests (including those for electrolyte, creatinine, and fasting lipid levels) should be repeated with a frequency reflecting the clinical situation (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
When compared with oral glucose tolerance testing, a systematic review suggests that A1C and fasting glucose levels demonstrate comparable sensitivity and specificity for diabetes detection.
31
In a more recent analysis of more than 2000 adults at high risk for diabetes, Hu and colleagues determined the sensitivity and specificity for diabetes of A1C and fasting glucose to be virtually identical at the thresholds evaluated. In addition, when both tests were combined, sensitivity (96.5%) and specificity (96.3%) increased.32
The addition of A1C harmonizes the CHEP recommendations with those of the Canadian Diabetes Association.33
V. Assessment for renovascular hypertension
- 1.Patients presenting with ≥ 2 of the clinical clues listed below, suggesting renovascular hypertension, should be investigated (Grade D):
- i.Sudden onset or worsening of hypertension and age > 55 or < 30 years;
- ii.Presence of an abdominal bruit;
- iii.Hypertension resistant to ≥ 3 drugs;
- iv.Increase in serum creatinine level ≥ 30% associated with use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB);
- v.Other atherosclerotic vascular disease, particularly in patients who smoke or have dyslipidemia;
- vi.Recurrent pulmonary edema associated with hypertensive surges.
- i.
- 2.When available, the following tests are recommended to aid in the usual screening for renal vascular disease: captopril-enhanced radioisotope renal scan, Doppler sonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography (for those with normal renal function) (Grade B). Captopril-enhanced radioisotope renal scan is not recommended for those with CKD (glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
VI Endocrine hypertension
- A.Hyperaldosteronism: screening and diagnosis
- 1.Screening for hyperaldosteronism should be considered for the following patients (Grade D):
- i.Hypertensive patients with spontaneous hypokalemia (K+ < 3.5 mmol/L);
- ii.Hypertensive patients with marked diuretic-induced hypokalemia (K+ < 3.0 mmol/L);
- iii.Patients with hypertension refractory to treatment with ≥ 3 drugs;
- iv.Hypertensive patients found to have an incidental adrenal adenoma.
- i.
- 2.Screening for hyperaldosteronism should include assessment of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity or plasma renin (Supplemental Table S7).
- 3.For patients with suspected hyperaldosteronism (on the basis of the screening test; Supplemental Table S7, item iii. Definition of a Positive Screening Test), a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism should be established by demonstrating inappropriate autonomous hypersecretion of aldosterone using at least 1 of the manoeuvres listed in Supplemental Table S7, item iv. Manoeuvres to demonstrate Autonomous Hypersecretion of Aldosterone. When the diagnosis is established, the abnormality should be localized using any of the tests described in Supplemental Table S7, item v. Differentiating Potential Causes of Primary Aldosteronism.
- 1.
- B.Pheochromocytoma: screening and diagnosis
- 1.If pheochromocytoma is strongly suspected, the patient should be referred to a specialized hypertension centre, particularly if biochemical screening tests (Supplemental Table S8) have already been found to be positive (Grade D).
- 2.The following patients should be considered for screening for pheochromocytoma (Grade D):
- i.Patients with paroxysmal and/or severe (BP ≥ 180/110 mm Hg) sustained hypertension refractory to usual antihypertensive therapy;
- ii.Patients with hypertension and multiple symptoms suggestive of catecholamine excess (eg, headaches, palpitations, sweating, panic attacks, and pallor);
- iii.Patients with hypertension triggered by β-blockers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, micturition, or changes in abdominal pressure;
- iv.Patients with incidentally discovered adrenal mass and patients with hypertension and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A or 2B, von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis, or von Hippel-Lindau disease;
- v.For patients with positive biochemical screening tests, localization of pheochromocytomas should involve the use of magnetic resonance imaging (preferable), computed tomography (if magnetic resonance imaging is unavailable), and/or iodine I-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy (Grade C for each modality).
- i.
- 1.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
VII. HBPM
- 1.HBPM can be used in the diagnosis of hypertension (Grade C).
- 2.The use of HBPM on a regular basis should be considered for patients with hypertension, particularly those with:
- i.Diabetes mellitus (Grade D);
- ii.CKD (Grade C);
- iii.Suspected nonadherence (Grade D);
- iv.Demonstrated white coat effect (Grade C); or
- v.BP controlled in the office but not at home (masked hypertension) (Grade C).
- i.
- 3.When white coat hypertension is suggested by HBPM, its presence should be confirmed by repeat HBPM (see Recommendation 8 in this section) or ABPM before treatment decisions are made (Grade D).
- 4.Patients should be advised to purchase and use only HBPM devices that are appropriate for the individual and have met standards of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, the most recent requirements of the British Hypertension Society protocol, or the International Protocol for validation of automated BP-measuring devices. Patients should be encouraged to use devices with data recording capabilities or automatic data transmission to increase the reliability of reported HBPM (Grade D).
- 5.Home SBP values ≥ 135 mm Hg or DBP values ≥ 85 mm Hg should be considered increased and associated with an increased overall mortality risk analogous to office SBP readings of ≥ 140 mm Hg or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg (Grade C).
- 6.Health care professionals should ensure that patients who measure their BP at home have adequate training and, if necessary, repeat training in measuring their BP. Patients should be observed to determine that they measure BP correctly and should be given adequate information about interpreting these readings (Grade D).
- 7.The accuracy of all individual patients' validated devices (including electronic devices) must be regularly checked against a device of known calibration (Grade D).
- 8.HBPM for assessing white coat hypertension or sustained hypertension should be based on duplicate measures, morning and evening, for an initial 7-day period. First-day home BP values should not be considered (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
VIII. ABPM
- 1.ABPM can be used in the diagnosis of hypertension (Grade C). ABPM should be considered when an office-induced increase in BP is suspected in treated patients with:
- i.BP that is not below target despite receiving appropriate chronic antihypertensive therapy (Grade C);
- ii.Symptoms suggestive of hypotension (Grade C); or
- iii.Fluctuating office BP readings (Grade D).
- i.
- 2.Physicians should use only ABPM devices that have been validated independently using established protocols (Grade D).
- 3.Therapy adjustment should be considered in patients with a mean 24-hour ambulatory SBP of ≥ 130 mm Hg or DBP of ≥ 80 mm Hg or a mean awake SBP of ≥ 135 mm Hg or DBP of ≥ 85 mm Hg (Grade D).
- 4.The magnitude of changes in nocturnal BP should be taken into account in any decision to prescribe or withhold drug therapy based on ABPM (Grade C) because a decrease in nocturnal BP of < 10% is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
IX. Role of echocardiography
- 1.Routine echocardiographic evaluation of all hypertensive patients is not recommended (Grade D).
- 2.An echocardiogram for assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy is useful in selected cases to help define the future risk of cardiovascular events (Grade C).
- 3.Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular mass, and of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function is recommended for hypertensive patients suspected to have left ventricular dysfunction or CAD (Grade D).
- 4.Patients with hypertension and evidence of heart failure should have an objective assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction, either using echocardiogram or nuclear imaging (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
The CHEP 2014 Prevention and Treatment Recommendations
Please note that treatment thresholds and targets refer to OBPM. Please refer to section II. Criteria for Diagnosis of Hypertension and Recommendations for Follow-up, for corresponding values of other measurement methods.
I. Health behaviour management
- A.Physical exercise
- 1.For nonhypertensive or stage 1 hypertensive individuals, the use of resistance or weight training exercise (such as free weight lifting, fixed weight lifting, or handgrip exercise) does not adversely influence BP (Grade D). For nonhypertensive individuals (to reduce the possibility of becoming hypertensive) or for hypertensive patients (to reduce their BP), prescribe the accumulation of 30-60 minutes of moderate intensity dynamic exercise (eg, walking, jogging, cycling, or swimming) 4-7 days per week in addition to the routine activities of daily living (Grade D). Higher intensities of exercise are not more effective (Grade D).
- 1.
- B.Weight reduction
- 1.Height, weight, and waist circumference should be measured and body mass index calculated for all adults (Grade D).
- 2.Maintenance of a healthy body weight (body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9, and waist circumference < 102 cm for men and < 88 cm for women) is recommended for nonhypertensive individuals to prevent hypertension (Grade C) and for hypertensive patients to reduce BP (Grade B). All overweight hypertensive individuals should be advised to lose weight (Grade B).
- 3.Weight loss strategies should use a multidisciplinary approach that includes dietary education, increased physical activity, and behavioural intervention (Grade B).
- 1.
- C.Alcohol consumption
- 1.To reduce BP, alcohol consumption should be in accordance with Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Healthy adults should limit alcohol consumption to ≤ 2 drinks per day, and consumption should not exceed 14 standard drinks per week for men and 9 standard drinks per week for women (Grade B). (Note: One standard drink is considered to be equivalent to 13.6 g or 17.2 mL of ethanol or approximately 44 mL [1.5 oz] of 80 proof [40%] spirits, 355 mL [12 oz] of 5% beer, or 148 mL [5 oz] of 12% wine.)
- 1.
- D.Dietary recommendations
- 1.It is recommended that hypertensive patients and normotensive individuals at increased risk of developing hypertension consume a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, dietary and soluble fibre, whole grains, and protein from plant sources that is reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] diet34,35,36,37; Supplemental Table S9) (Grade B).
- 1.
- E.Sodium intake
- 1.To decrease BP, consider reducing sodium intake toward 2000 mg (5 g of salt or 87 mmol of sodium) per day (Grade A) (revised recommendation).
- 1.
- F.Potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake
- 1.Supplementation of potassium, calcium, and magnesium is not recommended for the prevention or treatment of hypertension (Grade B).
- 1.
- G.Stress management
- 1.In hypertensive patients in whom stress might be a contributor to high BP, stress management should be considered as an intervention (Grade D). Individualized cognitive-behavioural interventions are more likely to be effective when relaxation techniques are used (Grade B).
- 1.
Recommendations
Background
The revised recommendation, which increases the target sodium threshold from ≤ 1500 mg/d, is primarily based on clinical trial evidence from 2 systematic reviews published in 2013.
38
, 39
The evidence focuses on BP as a surrogate end point. The RTF noted the inconclusive nature of the data examining morbidity and mortality end points and awaits the results of further studies examining these end points.40
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Sodium intake in populations: assessment of evidence. Available at: www.iom.edu/sodiumconsequences. Accessed March 19, 2014.
He and colleagues
38
examined 22 crossover and parallel-arm randomized controlled trials that enrolled 999 hypertensive individuals and compared reduced salt intake with usual salt intake over a period of 4-52 weeks. Studies documenting a 40-120 mmol reduction in 24-hour urine sodium (equivalent to 920-2760 mg of sodium or 2.3-7 g of salt) were included. The median baseline BP was 148/93 mm Hg and the median baseline 24-hour urine sodium excretion was 162 mmol (range, 125-191 mmol). The pooled estimated reduction in sodium intake between usual intake and reduced intake was 75 mmol per 24 hours (95% confidence interval [CI], 53-117). Therefore, from baseline levels in the usual care arm, interventions reduced sodium intake toward a threshold of 87 mmol (ie, 162-75 mmol) or 2000 mg per day. Reduced intake led to a 5.39 mm Hg reduction (95% CI, 4.15-6.62) in SBP and a 2.82 mm Hg reduction (95% CI, 2.11-3.54) in DBP (pooled mean effects).The systematic review by Aburto and colleagues
39
was conducted on behalf of the World Health Organization Nutrition Guidance Expert Advisory Group Subgroup on Diet and Health. In 36 randomized controlled trials that enrolled 5508 participants overall and 1478 subjects with hypertension, a reduction in sodium intake resulted in a mean 3.39 mm Hg reduction (95% CI, 2.46-4.31 mm Hg) in SBP in all subjects and a 4.06 mm Hg SBP reduction (95% CI, 2.96-5.15) in the subgroup with hypertension. A subgroup analysis indicated that a reduction in sodium intake to less than 2000 mg/d led to a decrease in SBP of 3.47 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.76-6.18). Concurrent use of antihypertensive medication did not appear to diminish the effect of decreasing sodium intake.II. Indications for drug therapy for adults with hypertension without compelling indications for specific agents
- 1.Antihypertensive therapy should be prescribed for average DBP measurements of ≥ 100 mm Hg (Grade A) or average SBP measurements of ≥ 160 mm Hg (Grade A) in patients without macrovascular target organ damage or other cardiovascular risk factors.
- 2.Antihypertensive therapy should be strongly considered if DBP readings average ≥ 90 mm Hg in the presence of macrovascular target organ damage or other independent cardiovascular risk factors (Grade A).
- 3.Antihypertensive therapy should be strongly considered if SBP readings average ≥ 140 mm Hg in the presence of macrovascular target organ damage (Grade C for 140-160 mm Hg; Grade A for > 160 mm Hg).
- 4.Antihypertensive therapy should be considered in all patients meeting indications 1-3 in this section, regardless of age (Grade B). Caution should be exercised in elderly patients who are frail.
- 5.In the very elderly (age ≥ 80 years) patients who do not have diabetes or target organ damage, the SBP threshold for initiating drug therapy is ≥ 160 mm Hg (Grade C) (revised recommendation).
Recommendations
Background
In 2013, CHEP introduced a < 150 mm Hg SBP treatment target for adults 80 years of age or older (see Recommendation 2 in section V. Goals of Therapy for Adults With Hypertension Without Compelling Indications for Specific Agents). This year, a ≥ 160 mm Hg pharmacotherapy treatment initiation threshold was added. This recommendation was based on data from the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET)
41
, 42
and a meta-analysis by Gueyffier and colleagues.43
The HYVET enrolled 3845 hypertensive adults (defined as SBP of ≥ 160 mm Hg) aged 80 years or older and randomized to active vs placebo treatment in which the active treatment arm received indapamide 1.5 mg with or without perindopril (2-4 mg) to achieve a target BP of < 150/80 mm Hg. The primary outcome of the trial was stroke (fatal and nonfatal), with all-cause mortality a predefined secondary outcome. The trial was stopped early (median follow-up was 1.8 years) when a planned interim analysis demonstrated active treatment to be associated with a lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0.88) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93). However, the final time-to-event analysis, completed after the trial was stopped and all end points had been counted,41
revealed that the active treatment effect was no longer conclusive with respect to stroke (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.49-1.01), but that there was still a conclusive 21% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95). The CHEP thus continues to recommend an SBP treatment target of < 150 mm Hg, but in line with HYVET procedures, the SBP threshold for the initiation of treatment is now specified as 160 mm Hg. As noted in the 2013 CHEP recommendations, the HYVET population had low rates of comorbid disease and adverse events during treatment. Subjects with orthostatic hypotension were likely excluded because standing SBP had to be ≥ 140 mm Hg at the last visit before randomization. Therefore the RTF continues to recommend caution when applying this recommendation to frail elderly patients. For patients with SBP of 150-160 mm Hg, providers should exercise clinical judgement when deciding whether to initiate drug treatment and should note that nonpharmacological therapy is still indicated for all patients.Further support for the ≥ 160 mm Hg SBP pharmacologic treatment threshold in the very elderly population comes from the pre-HYVET meta-analysis by Gueyffier and colleagues,
43
evaluating the efficacy of hypertension treatment in patients ≥ 80 years of age. These investigators included data from 7 trials that compared the efficacy of active treatment with either placebo, no treatment, or decreased doses of active treatment on the primary outcome of fatal and nonfatal stroke. Five of the 7 trials enrolled patients with SBP levels ≥ 160 mm Hg. Among participants randomized to active treatment (n = 874), there were 57 strokes and 34 stroke deaths, compared with 77 strokes and 28 stroke deaths among participants randomized to the comparator groups (n = 796). The risk for stroke was 34% less (relative risk, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.92) among those in the active treatment arms. Taken together, this meta-analysis43
and HYVET41
, 42
provide evidence that treatment initiated at a threshold of ≥ 160 mm Hg reduces cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in elderly patients.III. Choice of therapy for adults with hypertension without compelling indications for specific agents
- A.Recommendations for individuals with diastolic and/or systolic hypertension
- 1.Initial therapy should be a single-agent thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic (Grade A), a β-blocker (in patients younger than 60 years; Grade B), an ACE inhibitor (in non-black patients; Grade B), a long-acting calcium channel blocker (CCB) (Grade B); or an ARB (Grade B). If there are adverse effects, another drug from this group should be substituted. Hypokalemia should be avoided in patients treated with thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic monotherapy (Grade C).
- 2.Additional antihypertensive drugs should be used if target BP levels are not achieved with standard-dose monotherapy (Grade B). Add-on drugs should be chosen from first-line choices. Useful choices include a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic or CCB with either: ACE inhibitor, ARB or β-blocker (Grade B for the combination of thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic and a dihydropyridine CCB; Grade C for the combination of dihydropyridine CCB and ACE inhibitor; and Grade D for all other combinations). Caution should be exercised in combining a nondihydropyridine CCB and a β-blocker (Grade D). The combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB is not recommended (Grade A).
- 3.Combination therapy using 2 first-line agents might also be considered as initial treatment of hypertension (Grade C) if SBP is 20 mm Hg greater than target or if DBP is 10 mm Hg greater than target. However, caution should be exercised in patients in whom a substantial decrease in BP from initial combination therapy is more likely to occur or in whom it would be poorly tolerated (eg, elderly patients).
- 4.If BP is still not controlled with a combination of 2 or more first-line agents, or there are adverse effects, other antihypertensive drugs may be added (Grade D).
- 5.Possible reasons for poor response to therapy (Supplemental Table S10) should be considered (Grade D).
- 6.α-Blockers are not recommended as first-line agents for uncomplicated hypertension (Grade A); β-blockers are not recommended as first-line therapy for uncomplicated hypertension in patients 60 years of age or older (Grade A); and ACE inhibitors are not recommended as first-line therapy for uncomplicated hypertension in black patients (Grade A). However, these agents may be used in patients with certain comorbid conditions or in combination therapy.
- 1.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
- B.Recommendations for individuals with isolated systolic hypertension
- 1.Initial therapy should be single-agent therapy with a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic (Grade A), a long-acting dihydropyridine CCB (Grade A), or an ARB (Grade B). If there are adverse effects, another drug from this group should be substituted. Hypokalemia should be avoided in patients treated with thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic monotherapy (Grade C).
- 2.Additional antihypertensive drugs should be used if target BP levels are not achieved with standard-dose monotherapy (Grade B). Add-on drugs should be chosen from first-line options (Grade D).
- 3.If BP is still not controlled with a combination of 2 or more first-line agents, or there are adverse effects, other classes of drugs (such as α-blockers, ACE inhibitors, centrally acting agents, or nondihydropyridine CCBs) may be added or substituted (Grade D).
- 4.Possible reasons for poor response to therapy (Supplemental Table S10) should be considered (Grade D).
- 5.α-Blockers are not recommended as first-line agents for uncomplicated isolated systolic hypertension (Grade A); and β-blockers are not recommended as first-line therapy for isolated systolic hypertension in patients aged ≥ 60 years (Grade A). However, both agents may be used in patients with certain comorbid conditions or in combination therapy.
- 1.
Background
The recommendation addressing BP targets in the very elderly (age ≥ 80 years) patients who do not have diabetes or target organ damage has been moved from section II. Choice of Therapy for Adults With Hypertension Without Compelling Indications for Specific Agents; B. Recommendations for Individuals With Isolated Systolic Hypertension to section II. Indications for Drug Therapy for Adults With Hypertension Without Compelling Indications for Specific Agents, because it does not refer to choice of therapy but rather thresholds for initiation of therapy.
IV. Global vascular protection therapy for adults with hypertension without compelling indications for specific agents
- 1.Statin therapy is recommended in hypertensive patients with 3 or more cardiovascular risk factors as defined in Supplemental Table S11 (Grade A in patients > 40 years) or with established atherosclerotic disease (Grade A regardless of age).
- 2.Consideration should be given to the addition of low-dose ASA therapy in hypertensive patients ≥ 50 years (Grade B) (revised recommendation). Caution should be exercised if BP is not controlled (Grade C).
Recommendations
Background
The recommendation to consider ASA for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients is based primarily on the Hypertension Optimal Trial (HOT).
44
In this trial, 18,790 patients aged 50-80 years (mean age, 61.5 ± 7.5 years) with DBP levels between 100 and 115 mm Hg were randomized using a 3 × 2 factorial design to 1 of 3 DBP targets (≤ 90 vs ≤ 85 vs ≤ 80 mm Hg) and to ASA vs placebo. Over a mean follow-up time of 3.8 years, ASA therapy reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) from 10.5% to 8.9% (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.99). When silent myocardial infarctions were included in the MACE end point, the overall results were inconclusive (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.79-1.04).44
It is unclear if silent infarctions were an a priori component of the primary end point. On rereview of the trial and protocol,45
the recommendation to give low-dose ASA in hypertensive patients was downgraded to Grade B because of this uncertainty.A second alteration was made to the recommendation. Previously, the RTF recommended that ASA treatment be considered in all hypertensive individuals, with a Grade A rating for those 50 years of age or older.
28
This year, the recommendation has been modified such that it is restricted to hypertensive patients ≥ 50 years of age and is more consistent with the population included in the HOT trial. This change also took into consideration the benefits of ASA therapy in terms of reductions in MACE and prevention of cancer and ASA-associated bleeding risks.46
, 47
The RTF did not conduct in-depth modelling of these factors, which are beyond the scope of CHEP's mandate, but did note that an age threshold of 50 years was consistent with the recommendations of other organizations that have performed such analyses.46
, 48
- Vandvik P.O.
- Lincoff A.M.
- Gore J.M.
- et al.
Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines [erratum in 2012;141:1129].
Chest. 2012; 141: e637S-e668S
V. Goals of therapy for adults with hypertension without compelling indications for specific agents
- 1.The SBP treatment goal is a pressure level of < 140 mm Hg (Grade C). The DBP treatment goal is a pressure level of < 90 mm Hg (Grade A).
- 2.In the very elderly (age 80 years or greater), the BP target is < 150 mm Hg (Grade C).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014. Recommendation V.2, which previously appeared as Recommendation III.B.1, has been moved to this section.
VI. Treatment of hypertension in association with ischemic heart disease
- A.Recommendations for hypertensive patients with CAD
- 1.An ACE inhibitor or ARB is recommended for most patients with hypertension and CAD (Grade A).
- 2.For patients with stable angina, β-blockers are preferred as initial therapy (Grade B). CCBs may also be used (Grade B).
- 3.Short-acting nifedipine should not be used (Grade D).
- 4.For patients with CAD, but without coexisting systolic heart failure, the combination of an ACE inhibitor and ARB is not recommended (Grade B).
- 5.In high-risk patients, when combination therapy is being used, choices should be individualized. The combination of an ACE inhibitor and a dihydropyridine CCB is preferable to an ACE inhibitor and a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic in selected patients (Grade A).
- 6.When decreasing SBP to target levels in patients with established CAD (especially if isolated systolic hypertension is present), be cautious when the DBP is ≤ 60 mm Hg because of concerns that myocardial ischemia might be exacerbated (Grade D) (new recommendation).
- 1.
Recommendations
Background
Post hoc analyses of large clinical trials in patients with CAD suggest the existence of a possible J-curve, in which BP lowering to less than a specific nadir—which varies between studies—is associated with an increased risk of coronary events.
49
, 50
, 51
This issue was discussed in detail in the 2013 CHEP recommendations.- Bangalore S.
- Qin J.
- Sloan S.
- Murphy S.A.
- Cannon C.P.
What is the optimal blood pressure in patients after acute coronary syndromes?: Relationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular events in the PRavastatin OR atorVastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (PROVE IT-TIMI) 22 trial.
Circulation. 2010; 122: 2142-2151
28
For 2014, after a rereview of the evidence, the RTF voted to add a new recommendation to advise caution if the DBP approaches 60 mm Hg or less when striving to reach patient-specific SBP targets in patients with concomitant CAD. This situation arises most commonly when isolated systolic hypertension is present.The recommendation to exercise caution with lowering DBP to < 60 mm Hg is primarily derived from 3 studies; post hoc analyses of the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial,
52
an observational coronary catheterization study,53
and a systematic review of the benefits of BP reduction in patients with CAD.54
In the Syst-Eur trial,52
cardiovascular event rates were increased when on-treatment DBP levels were ≤ 70 mm Hg (independent of SBP levels) in older individuals (age ≥ 60 years) with CAD receiving active antihypertensive treatment. This increase in cardiovascular events appeared to reach statistical significance at a DBP value of approximately 60 mm Hg. An observational coronary catheterization study53
demonstrated that when central DBP was 60 mm Hg or less in hypertensive patients with CAD, the probability of reduced coronary blood flow distal to coronary stenosis was increased. Finally, a recent systematic review54
examining the beneficial and harmful effects of BP-lowering drugs in patients with CAD indicated that further reduction in cardiovascular disease event rates was small at SBP values less than 140 mm Hg and should be weighed against the risk of hypotension.Thus, there is Grade D evidence supporting the possibility of harm with excessive lowering of DBP in patients with established CAD. An alternative explanation might be that a lower DBP is a marker for frailty or medical illness and not causally related to increased events.
55
Nevertheless, the RTF believed that the evidence was sufficiently robust to warrant bringing this issue to the attention of practitioners. The RTF wishes to emphasize that this suggests caution when lowering BP but does not preclude BP-lowering, especially in patients with moderate or severely increased SBP levels. A cautious approach might involve observing more carefully for signs and symptoms of reduced coronary blood flow while lowering SBP. This new recommendation does not apply to hypertensive patients without CAD. Finally, even in the context of CAD, other diagnoses such as diabetes or CKD might support further increases in antihypertensive therapy to lower SBP even when DBP values are ≤ 60 mm Hg.- B.Recommendations for patients with hypertension who have had a recent myocardial infarction
- 1.Initial therapy should include a β-blocker and an ACE inhibitor (Grade A).
- 2.An ARB can be used if the patient is intolerant of an ACE inhibitor (Grade A in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction).
- 3.CCBs may be used in patients after myocardial infarction when β-blockers are contraindicated or not effective. Nondihydropyridine CCBs should not be used when there is heart failure, evidenced by pulmonary congestion at time of examination or radiography (Grade D).
- 1.
VII. Treatment of hypertension in association with heart failure
- 1.In patients with systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 40%), ACE inhibitors (Grade A) and β-blockers (Grade A) are recommended for initial therapy. Aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) might be added for patients with a recent cardiovascular hospitalization, acute myocardial infarction, elevated B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level, or New York Heart Association class II-IV symptoms (Grade A). Careful monitoring for hyperkalemia is recommended when adding an aldosterone antagonist to an ACE inhibitor or ARB. Other diuretics are recommended as additional therapy if needed (Grade B for thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics for BP control, Grade D for loop diuretics for volume control). Beyond considerations of BP control, doses of ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be titrated to those found to be effective in trials unless adverse effects become manifest (Grade B).
- 2.An ARB is recommended if ACE inhibitors are not tolerated (Grade A).
- 3.A combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate is recommended if ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated or not tolerated (Grade B).
- 4.For hypertensive patients whose BP is not controlled, an ARB may be added to an ACE inhibitor and other antihypertensive drug treatment (Grade A). Careful monitoring should be used if combining an ACE inhibitor and an ARB because of potential adverse effects such as hypotension, hyperkalemia, and worsening renal function (Grade C). Additional therapies might also include dihydropyridine CCBs (Grade C).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
VIII. Treatment of hypertension in association with stroke
- A.BP management in acute stroke (onset to 72 hours)
- 1.For patients with ischemic stroke not eligible for thrombolytic therapy, treatment of hypertension in the setting of acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack should not be routinely undertaken (Grade D). Extreme BP increases (eg, SBP > 220 mm Hg or DBP > 120 mm Hg) may be treated to reduce the BP by approximately 15% (Grade D), and not more than 25%, over the first 24 hours with gradual reduction thereafter (Grade D). Avoid excessive lowering of BP because this might exacerbate existing ischemia or might induce ischemia, particularly in the setting of intracranial arterial occlusion or extracranial carotid or vertebral artery occlusion (Grade D). Pharmacological agents and routes of administration should be chosen to avoid precipitous decreases in BP (Grade D).
- 2.For patients with ischemic stroke eligible for thrombolytic therapy, very high BP (> 185/110 mm Hg) should be treated concurrently in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke to reduce the risk of secondary intracranial hemorrhage (Grade B).
- 1.
- B.BP management after acute stroke
- 1.Strong consideration should be given to the initiation of antihypertensive therapy after the acute phase of a stroke or transient ischemic attack (Grade A).
- 2.After the acute phase of a stroke, BP-lowering treatment is recommended to a target of consistently < 140/90 mm Hg (Grade C).
- 3.Treatment with an ACE inhibitor and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic combination is preferred (Grade B).
- 4.For patients with stroke, the combination of an ACE inhibitor and ARB is not recommended (Grade B).
- 1.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014. However, 3 recent trials that examined SBP targets in stroke were discussed,
56
, 57
, 58
and are briefly reviewed herein. Two examined BP-lowering after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH),56
, 57
and 1 addressed BP-lowering 2 or more weeks after a symptomatic lacunar infarction.58
The results of these trials did not conclusively indicate benefit for greater BP reduction and no alterations were made to the recommendations at the present time.The Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial-2 (INTERACT-2) trial
56
enrolled 2839 individuals within 6 hours of spontaneous ICH. Investigators examined a strategy of lowering SBP within 1 hour of presentation to < 140 mm Hg compared with < 180 mm Hg; these targets were to be maintained for at least 7 days. The primary outcome was a composite of death and disability defined by a score of 3-6 on the modified Rankin scale 90 days after the event. The outcome rate was greater than expected in both trial arms and the between-group differences were less than expected. There was a suggestion of a 13% relative reduction (0.87; 95% CI, 0.75-1.01) in the primary outcome favouring the lower SBP target group but as demonstrated by the 95% CI, this finding was not conclusive. Therefore, the RTF was of the view that the strength of evidence did not warrant a change in recommendations.Intracerebral Hemorrhage Acutely Decreasing Arterial Pressure Trial (ICH ADAPT)
57
enrolled patients within 24 hours of a spontaneous ICH if their SBP was ≥ 150 mm Hg. The SBP targets were < 150 mm Hg vs < 180 mm Hg. The primary outcome was radiographically-determined perihematoma relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the main objective was to examine whether SBP-lowering had a detrimental effect on rCBF. Seventy-five participants were enrolled. No conclusive differences in perihematoma rCBF were demonstrated (perihematoma rCBF difference, 0.03; 95% CI, −0.018 to 0.078). The ipsilateral hemispheric rCBF was slightly less in the lower BP target group (0.04 difference), suggesting lower perfusion with a lower BP target, although the magnitude of the difference was small. The investigators interpreted their findings as suggesting no detrimental effect on perihematoma rCBF with BP reduction after ICH.The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial
58
enrolled 3020 patients with magnetic resonance imaging-defined symptomatic lacunar infarctions (ie, small subcortical strokes) and without surgically amenable ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis or high-risk cardioembolic sources. Participants were enrolled 2 weeks after stroke and were randomized to < 130 mm Hg vs 130-149 mm Hg SBP targets. After 3.7 years, there was no conclusive difference in either the incidence of recurrent stroke (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64-1.03) or the occurrence of adverse events (orthostatic syncope HR, 2.19; 95% CI, 0.76-6.27; all adverse events HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 0.80-2.93); the RTF noted, however, that the point estimates suggested lower recurrent stroke rates but higher adverse event rates in the < 130 mm Hg SBP target group.IX. Treatment of hypertension in association with left ventricular hypertrophy
- 1.Hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy should be treated with antihypertensive therapy to lower the rate of subsequent cardiovascular events (Grade C).
- 2.The choice of initial therapy can be influenced by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (Grade D). Initial therapy can be drug treatment using ACE inhibitors, ARBs, long-acting CCBs, or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics. Direct arterial vasodilators such as hydralazine or minoxidil should not be used.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
X. Treatment of hypertension in association with nondiabetic CKD
- 1.For patients with nondiabetic CKD, target BP is < 140/90 mm Hg (Grade B).
- 2.For patients with hypertension and proteinuric CKD (urinary protein > 500 mg per 24 hours or albumin to creatinine ratio > 30 mg/mmol), initial therapy should be an ACE inhibitor (Grade A) or an ARB if there is intolerance to ACE inhibitors (Grade B).
- 3.Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics are recommended as additive antihypertensive therapy (Grade D). For patients with CKD and volume overload, loop diuretics are an alternative (Grade D).
- 4.In most cases, combination therapy with other antihypertensive agents might be needed to reach target BP levels (Grade D).
- 5.The combination of an ACE inhibitor and ARB is not recommended for patients with nonproteinuric CKD (Grade B).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
XI Treatment of hypertension in association with renovascular disease
- 1.Renovascular hypertension should be treated in the same manner as hypertension without compelling indications, except for caution in the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs because of the risk of acute renal failure in bilateral disease or unilateral disease with a solitary kidney (Grade D).
- 2.Close follow-up and early intervention (angioplasty and stenting or surgery) should be considered for patients with uncontrolled hypertension despite therapy with ≥ 3 drugs, deteriorating kidney function, bilateral atherosclerotic renal artery lesions (or tight atherosclerotic stenosis in a single kidney), or recurrent episodes of flash pulmonary edema (Grade D).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
XII. Treatment of hypertension in association with diabetes mellitus
- 1.Persons with diabetes mellitus should be treated to attain SBP of < 130 mm Hg (Grade C) and DBP of < 80 mm Hg (Grade A) (these target BP levels are the same as the BP treatment thresholds). Combination therapy using 2 first-line agents might also be considered as initial treatment of hypertension (Grade B) if SBP is 20 mm Hg greater than target or if DBP is 10 mm Hg greater than target. However, caution should be exercised in patients in whom a substantial decrease in BP is more likely or poorly tolerated (eg, elderly patients and patients with autonomic neuropathy).
- 2.For persons with cardiovascular or kidney disease, including microalbuminuria, or with cardiovascular risk factors in addition to diabetes and hypertension, an ACE inhibitor or an ARB is recommended as initial therapy (Grade A).
- 3.For persons with diabetes and hypertension not included in other recommendations in this section, appropriate choices include (in alphabetical order): ACE inhibitors (Grade A), ARBs (Grade B), dihydropyridine CCBs (Grade A), and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics (Grade A).
- 4.If target BP levels are not achieved with standard-dose monotherapy, additional antihypertensive therapy should be used. For persons in whom combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor is being considered, a dihydropyridine CCB is preferable to a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic (Grade A).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
XIII. Adherence strategies for patients
- 1.Adherence to an antihypertensive prescription can be improved by a multipronged approach (Supplemental Table S12).
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
XIV. Treatment of secondary hypertension because of endocrine causes
- 1.Treatment of hyperaldosteronism and pheochromocytoma are outlined in Supplemental Tables S7 and S8, respectively.
Recommendations
Background
There are no changes to these recommendations for 2014.
Implementation
The implementation task force conducts an extensive knowledge translation effort to enhance uptake and applicability of these recommendations. These efforts include knowledge exchange forums, targeted educational materials for primary care providers and patients, and freely available slide kits and summary documents of all recommendations on the Canadian Hypertension Society Web site, Hypertension Canada (www.hypertension.ca). Documents are available in French and English, and some documents are translated into other languages. The implementation task force also regularly receives feedback from end users to improve guideline processes and content. Although the number of primary care providers who directly receive CHEP materials on a regular basis has dramatically increased, CHEP is continuing to address the challenge of identifying and reaching all active primary care providers across Canada, through use of the Hypertension Canada Web site, “Train the Trainer” teaching sessions, and wide dissemination of educational materials.
The CHEP outcomes task force conducts hypertension surveillance studies and reviews existing Canadian health surveys to identify gaps between current and best practices.
Future Directions
Table 1 contains a summary of pharmacological management recommendations for hypertension. The present article represents the 14th iteration of the annually updated CHEP recommendations for the management of hypertension. The RTF will continue to conduct systematic reviews of the clinical trial evidence and update these recommendations annually.
Table 1Considerations in the individualization of pharmacological therapy
Reproduced with permission of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program.
| Initial therapy | Second-line therapy | Notes and/or cautions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension without other compelling indications | |||
| Diastolic hypertension with or without systolic hypertension (target BP < 140/90 mm Hg) | Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or long-acting CCBs (consider ASA and statins in selected patients). Consider initiating therapy with a combination of first-line drugs if the BP is ≥ 20 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 10 mm Hg diastolic greater than target | Combinations of first-line drugs | Not recommended for monotherapy: α-blockers, β-blockers in those ≥ 60 years of age, and ACE inhibitors in black people. Hypokalemia should be avoided in those prescribed diuretics. ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors are potential teratogens, and caution is required if prescribing to women with child-bearing potential. Combination of an ACE-inhibitor with an ARB is not recommended |
| Isolated systolic hypertension without other compelling indications (target BP for age < 80 is < 140/90 mm Hg; for age ≥ 80: target SBP is < 150 mm Hg | Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, ARBs or long-acting dihydropyridine CCBs | Combinations of first-line drugs | Same as diastolic hypertension with or without systolic hypertension |
| Diabetes mellitus (target BP < 130/80 mm Hg) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus with microalbuminuria, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, or additional cardiovascular risk factors | ACE inhibitors or ARBs | Addition of a dihydropyridine CCB is preferred over a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic | A loop diuretic could be considered in hypertensive CKD patients with extracellular fluid volume overload |
| Diabetes mellitus not included in the above category | ACE inhibitors, ARBs, dihydropyridine CCBs, or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics | Combination of first-line drugs. If combination with ACE inhibitor is being considered, a dihydropyridine CCB is preferable to a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic | Normal urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio < 2.0 mg/mmol |
| Cardiovascular disease (target BP < 140/90 mm Hg) | |||
| Coronary artery disease | ACE inhibitors or ARBs; β-blockers for patients with stable angina | Long-acting CCBs. When combination therapy is being used for high-risk patients, an ACE inhibitor/dihydropyridine CCB is preferred | Avoid short-acting nifedipine. Combination of an ACE inhibitor with an ARB is specifically not recommended. Exercise caution when decreasing SBP to target if DBP is ≤ 60 mm Hg |
| Recent myocardial infarction | β-Blockers and ACE inhibitors (ARBs if ACE inhibitor-intolerant) | Long-acting CCBs if β-blocker contraindicated or not effective | Nondihydropyridine CCBs should not be used with concomitant heart failure |
| Heart failure | ACE inhibitors (ARBs if ACE inhibitor-intolerant) and β-blockers. Aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) may be added for patients with a recent cardiovascular hospitalization, acute myocardial infarction, elevated BNP or NT-proBNP level, or NYHA class II-IV symptoms | ACE inhibitor and ARB combined. Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate combination if ACE inhibitor and ARB contraindicated or not tolerated. Thiazide/thiazide-like or loop diuretics are recommended as additive therapy. Dihydropyridine CCBs can also be used | Titrate doses of ACE inhibitors and ARBs to those used in clinical trials. Carefully monitor potassium and renal function if combining any of ACE inhibitor, ARB, and/or aldosterone antagonist |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | ACE inhibitor, ARB, long-acting CCB or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics. | Combination of additional agents | Hydralazine and minoxidil should not be used |
| Past stroke or TIA | ACE inhibitor and a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic combination | Combination of additional agents | Treatment of hypertension should not be routinely undertaken in acute stroke unless extreme BP increase. Combination of an ACE inhibitor with an ARB is not recommended |
| Nondiabetic CKD (target BP < 140/90 mm Hg) | |||
| Nondiabetic CKD with proteinuria | ACE inhibitors (ARBs if ACE inhibitor-intolerant) if there is proteinuria; diuretics as additive therapy | Combinations of additional agents | Carefully monitor renal function and potassium for those taking an ACE inhibitor or ARB. Combinations of an ACE inhibitor and ARB are not recommended in patients without proteinuria |
| Renovascular disease | Does not affect initial treatment recommendations | Combinations of additional agents | Avoid ACE inhibitors or ARBs if bilateral renal artery stenosis or unilateral disease with solitary kidney |
| Other conditions (target BP < 140/90 mm Hg) | |||
| Peripheral arterial disease | Does not affect initial treatment recommendations | Combinations of additional agents | Avoid β-blockers with severe disease |
| Dyslipidemia | Does not affect initial treatment recommendations | Combinations of additional agents | — |
| Overall vascular protection | Statin therapy for patients ≥ 3 cardiovascular risk factors or atherosclerotic disease; low-dose ASA in patients ≥ 50 years | — | Caution should be exercised with the ASA recommendation if BP is not controlled |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NT, N-terminal; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
∗ Microalbuminuria is defined as persistent ACR > 2.0 mg/mmol.
† Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein > 500 mg per 24 hours or ACR > 30 mg/mmol in 2 of 3 specimens.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ms Susan Carter for expert technical assistance with the manuscript.
Funding Sources
The CHEP is operated and funded by Hypertension Canada. The members of the CHEP Committee are unpaid volunteers who contribute their time and expertise to the annual development and dissemination of the CHEP recommendations. To maintain professional credibility of the content, the process for the development of the recommendations is fully independent and free from external influence. External partners assist with the dissemination of the approved recommendations.
Disclosures
Please see Supplemental Appendix S2 for a complete list of author disclosures.
Supplementary Material
- Supplementary Material
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: February 24, 2014
Accepted:
February 3,
2014
Received:
January 23,
2014
Footnotes
See page 500 for disclosure information.
A version of the hypertension recommendations designed for patient and public education has been developed to assist health care practitioners managing hypertension. The summary is available electronically (go to http://www.hypertension.ca or http://www.heartandstroke.ca).
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Copyright
© 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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