Abstract
Résumé

The Dose of PA
Premature all-cause mortality |
|
Cardiovascular disease |
|
Stroke |
|
Hypertension |
|
Colon cancer |
|
Breast cancer |
|
Type 2 diabetes |
|
Osteoporosis |
|




- Stone J.A.
- Campbell N.R.
- Genest J.
- et al.
Extremes of the Fitness Continuum
Other Considerations

Musculoskeletal Fitness
Sedentary Behaviours and Health Status
Clinical Relevance and/or Minimally Important Change
Failure in Knowledge Translation
Prevention of Chronic Disease via Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours

Conclusions
Funding Sources
Disclosures
References
- Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence.CMAJ. 2006; 174: 801-809
- Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy.CMAJ. 2006; 174: 961-974
- A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010; 7: 39
- Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases.Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015; 25: 1-72
- Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.World Health Organization, Geneva2010
- Comparing population attributable risks for heart disease across the adult lifespan in women.Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49: 1069-1076
Soares-Miranda L, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Longstreth WT Jr, Mozaffarian D. Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study [epub ahead of print]. Circulation 2015, pii: CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018323, accessed February 19, 2016.
- Low levels of physical activity are associated with dysregulation of energy intake and fat mass gain over 1 year.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015; 102: 1332-1338
- Active lifestyle in childhood and adolescence prevents obesity development in young adulthood.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23: 2462-2469
Shibata A, Oka K, Sugiyama T, et al. Physical activity, television viewing time and 12-year changes in waist circumference [Epub ahead of print]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015.
- Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: consensus document 2011.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011; 36: S266-S298
- A systematic review of the health benefits of exercise rehabilitation in persons living with atrial fibrillation.Can J Cardiol. 2013; 29: 483-491
- Clinical Exercise Prescription for Atrial Fibrillation.International Collaboration on Clinical Exercise Prescription, Vancouver, BC2012
- Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada’s physical activity guidelines.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010; 7: 38
- Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33 (discussion: S419-20): S379-S399
- Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men.Am J Med. 2004; 117: 912-918
- Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: 754-761
- Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32: S16-S68
- Physical activity fitness and health: the model and key concepts.in: Bouchard C. Shephard R.J. Stephens T. Physical Activity Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL1994: 77-88
Eriksen L, Gronbaek M, Helge JW, Tolstrup JS. Cardiorespiratory fitness in 16 025 adults aged 18-91 years and associations with physical activity and sitting time [e-pub ahead of print]. Scand J Med Sci Sports http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12608, accessed February 19, 2016.
- Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health?.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 324-329
- Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 306-314
- Physical fitness and changes in mortality: the survival of the fittest.Sports Med. 2001; 31: 571-576
- Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality.Lancet. 1998; 352: 759-762
- Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men.JAMA. 1995; 273: 1093-1098
- Baseline and previous physical activity in relation to mortality in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study.Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150: 1289-1296
- Effective pre-participation screening and risk stratification.in: Warburton D.E. Health-Related Exercise Prescription for the Qualified Exercise Professional. 3rd Ed. Health & Fitness Society of BC, Vancouver2013: 1-30
- Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship.JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175: 959-967
- Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women.JAMA. 1997; 277: 1287-1292
- Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.JAMA. 1987; 258: 2388-2395
- The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men.N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 538-545
- Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation?.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33 (discussion: S493-4): S459-S471
- Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is “no pain, no gain” passe?.JAMA. 2001; 285: 1447-1454
- Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing.N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 793-801
- Physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of dying.Epidemiology. 1998; 9: 626-631
- A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? ‘The HUNT study, Norway.’.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006; 13: 798-804
- Exercise volume and intensity: a dose-response relationship with health benefits.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014; 114: 1563-1571
- Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories.Int J Sports Med. 2009; 30: 213-224
- Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study.Lancet. 2011; 378: 1244-1253
- Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64: 472-481
- Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis.PLoS Med. 2012; 9: e1001335
- Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis.Circulation. 2011; 124: 789-795
- Health behaviour interventions and cardiovascular disease risk factor modifications.in: Stone J.A. Canadian Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. 3rd Ed. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Winnipeg2009: 251-340
- The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord. 2011; 49: 1088-1096
- The health benefits and challenges of exercise training in persons living with schizophrenia: a pilot study.Brain Sci. 2013; 3: 821-848
- Impact of physical activity on glycemic control and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional multicenter study of 18,028 patients.Diabetes Care. 2015; 38: 1536-1543
- Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 1047-1055
- Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged >/=60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49: 1262-1267
- Physical activity and successful aging: even a little is good.JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175: 1862-1863
- Physical activity is key for successful aging-reply: even a little is good.JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175: 1863
- The physical activity and exercise continuum.in: Bouchard C. Katzmarzyk P.T. Advances in Physical Activity and Obesity. Human Kinetics Publishing, Champaign2009: 7-17
Warburton DE, Taunton J, Bredin SS, Isserow S. Risk benefit paradox of exercise: can you have too much of a good thing! BC Med Assoc J, in press.
- Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach.3rd ed. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa2003
- Exercise–is it possible to have too much of a good thing?.Heart Lung Circ. 2007; 16: S102-S104
- Can intensive exercise harm the heart? You can get too much of a good thing.Circulation. 2014; 130: 992-1002
- Mechanisms underpinning exercise-induced changes in left ventricular function.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008; 40: 1400-1407
- Phidippides cardiomyopathy: a review and case illustration.Clin Cardiol. 2012; 35: 69-73
- Musculoskeletal fitness and health.Can J Appl Physiol. 2001; 26: 217-237
- The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health.Can J Appl Physiol. 2001; 26: 161-216
- Musculoskeletal fitness and weight gain in Canada.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 38-43
- Health implications of musculoskeletal fitness.Can J Appl Physiol. 2000; 25: 114-126
- Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia.J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95: 1851-1860
- Musculoskeletal fitness and risk of mortality.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 740-744
- Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.Diabetes. 2007; 56: 2655-2667
- Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41: 998-1005
- Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults.Am J Epidemiol. 2010; 172: 419-429
- Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults.Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172: 494-500
- Letter to the Editor: standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours.”.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012; 37: 540-542
- Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.JAMA. 2003; 289: 1785-1791
- Sedentary behaviors increase risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 879-885
- Measuring clinically meaningful change following mental health treatment.J Behav Health Serv Res. 2007; 34: 272-289
- Minimal clinically important improvement/difference (MCII/MCID) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS): what do these concepts mean?.Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66: iii40-iii41
- Blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction.Hippokratia. 2007; 11: 114-119
- Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study.Lancet. 2013; 381: 394-399
- Statin therapy, fitness, and mortality risk in middle-aged hypertensive male veterans.Am J Hypertens. 2014; 27: 422-430
- Using threshold messages to promote physical activity: implications for public perceptions of health effects.Eur J Public Health. 2014; 24: 195-199
- How much physical activity is good enough?.National Physical Activity Plan Alliance Commentaries on Physical Activity and Health. 2015; 1 (Avaialble at: http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/commentaries/Lee.php. Accessed February 19, 2016.)
- Physical activity line: effective knowledge translation of evidence-based best practice in the real-world setting.Can Fam Physician. 2013; 59: 967-968
- PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+: new risk stratification and physical activity clearance strategy for physicians and patients alike.Can Fam Physician. 2013; 59: 273-277
- The health benefits of physical activity: a brief review.in: Warburton D.E. Health-Related Exercise Prescription for the Qualified Exercise Professional. 3rd ed. Health & Fitness Society of BC, Vancouver2013: 1-17
- A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008; 5: 56
- Physical activity in U.S.: adults compliance with the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.Am J Prev Med. 2011; 40: 454-461
- Physical activity is the “best buy” for Americans.National Physical Activity Plan Alliance Commentaries on Physical Activity and Health. 2015; 1 (Available at: http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/commentaries/Powell.php. Accessed February 19, 2016.)
- Where does HIT fit? An examination of the affective response to high-intensity intervals in comparison to continuous moderate- and continuous vigorous-intensity exercise in the exercise intensity-affect continuum.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e114541
- High-intensity interval training as an efficacious alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for adults with prediabetes.J Diabetes Res. 2015; 2015: 191595
- Evaluating the uptake of Canada’s new physical activity and sedentary behavior guidelines on service organizations’ websites.Transl Behav Med. 2013; 3: 172-179
- Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.Lancet. 2004; 364: 937-952
- Community prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health, by the American Heart Association definition, and relationship with cardiovascular disease incidence.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57: 1690-1696
- Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle.Circulation. 2008; 118: 947-954
- Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 790-797
- Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications.Circulation. 2006; 114: 160-167
- Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle.N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 16-22
- Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 954-964
Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
See editorial by Stone, pages 407-409 of this issue.
See page 502 for disclosure information.