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Division of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Humber River Hospital, North York, Ontario, Canada
This guideline synthesizes clinical trial data supporting the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for treatment of heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease, and for optimizing prevention of cardiorenal morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is on the basis of a companion systematic review and meta-analysis guided by a focused set of population, intervention, control, and outcomes (PICO) questions that address priority cardiorenal end points. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system and a modified Delphi process were used. We encourage comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular (CV) patients with routine measurement of estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c), and documentation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when evaluating symptoms of HF. For patients with HF, we recommend integration of SGLT2i with other guideline-directed pharmacotherapy for the reduction of hospitalization for HF when LVEF is > 40% and for the reduction of all-cause and CV mortality, hospitalization for HF, and renal protection when LVEF is ≤ 40%. In patients with albuminuric chronic kidney disease, we recommend integration of SGLT2i with other guideline-directed pharmacotherapy to reduce all-cause and CV mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for HF. We provide recommendations and algorithms for the selection of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2i for patients with type 2 diabetes and either established atherosclerotic CV disease or risk factors for atherosclerotic CV disease to reduce all-cause and CV mortality, nonfatal stroke, and for the prevention of hospitalization for HF and decline in renal function. We offer practical advice for safe use of these diabetes-associated agents with profound cardiorenal benefits.
Résumé
La présente ligne directrice synthétise les données d’essais cliniques confirmant le rôle des agonistes des récepteurs du peptide-1 apparenté au glucagon (arGLP-1) et des inhibiteurs du cotransporteur sodium-glucose de type 2 (iSGLT2) dans le traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) et de l’insuffisance rénale chronique ainsi que dans la prévention optimisée de la morbidité et de la mortalité cardiorénales chez les patients atteints de diabète de type 2. Elle repose sur une revue systématique et une méta-analyse complémentaires utilisant un ensemble précis de questions PICO (population, intervention, comparaison, et objectifs) sur des paramètres cardiorénaux prioritaires. Le système GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) et une méthode Delphi modifiée ont été utilisés. Nous préconisons une évaluation complète des patients atteints de maladies cardiovasculaires (CV) par des mesures systématiques du débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé, du rapport albumine-créatinine urinaire et du taux d’hémoglobine glyquée (HbA1c). La fraction d’éjection ventriculaire gauche (FEVG) devrait aussi être documentée lors de l’évaluation des symptômes d’IC. En présence d’IC, nous recommandons d’intégrer les iSGLT2 à d’autres pharmacothérapies fondées sur les lignes directrices pour réduire la fréquence des hospitalisations pour IC lorsque la FEVG > 40 %, réduire la mortalité toutes causes confondues et la mortalité cardiovasculaire, réduire les hospitalisations pour IC ainsi que pour préserver la fonction rénale chez les patients dont la FEVG ≤ 40 %. En présence de néphropathie chronique avec albuminurie, nous recommandons d’intégrer les iSGLT2 à d’autres pharmacothérapies fondées sur les lignes directrices pour réduire la mortalité toutes causes confondues et la mortalité d’origine CV, réduire le risque d’infarctus du myocarde non mortel et les hospitalisations pour IC. Nous présentons des recommandations et des algorithmes pour la sélection d’arGLP-1 et d’iSGLT2 pour les patients atteints de diabète de type 2 et d’une maladie CV athéroscléreuse établie ou présentant des facteurs de risque de maladie CV athéroscléreuse afin de réduire la mortalité toutes causes confondues, la mortalité CV ainsi que les AVC non mortels et pour la prévention des hospitalisations pour IC et le déclin de la fonction rénale. Nous offrons aussi des conseils pratiques sur l’utilisation sécuritaire de ces agents associés au diabète qui ont de profonds avantages cardiorénaux.
The Canadian cardiovascular community has encouraged cardiorenal risk reduction with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who have or are at risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease.
However, to date, no formal guideline has been published by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) regarding the use of these agents. Moreover, the application of SGLT2i has expanded beyond management of T2D to include the treatment of heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with and without diabetes. The purpose of this guideline is to assist CV practitioners in the safe and effective use of these 2 drug classes while building upon and remaining concordant with the most recent, high-quality guidelines published by Diabetes Canada,
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease.
Although complex patients are best managed by a shared care model, this guideline is also intended to help any CV specialist identify situations when a more proactive or even lead role might be warranted when simple and safe implementation is quite feasible. The reader is advised to consider the specialty guidelines for comprehensive diagnosis and management of patients with T2D, HF, or CKD, including management of glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c). The recommendations in this guideline are specifically intended for cardiorenal risk reduction. Treatment recommendations for symptomatic hyperglycemia, metabolically decompensated patients with T2D, patients with type 1 diabetes, patients receiving dialysis or with severely compromised renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2), or patients with acutely decompensated HF or CKD are beyond the scope of this guideline.
We assembled a panel of content and methods experts with representation from key Canadian partner organizations including Diabetes Canada, the CHFS, and the Canadian Society of Nephrology, drawing from community and academic practice settings, with broad geographic representation and considering equity and diversity. We conducted a de novo systematic review and meta-analysis on the basis of a series of focused Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) questions in which the interventions were SGLT2i and GLP-1RA, and in which the comparator was standard care. The meta-analysis was specifically commissioned by the CCS to support this guideline.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
This guideline focused on the critical outcomes of total mortality, CV mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke, major adverse cardiac events (MACE: CV death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke), hospitalization for HF, and composite kidney outcomes with emphasis on significant decline in eGFR, progression to end-stage kidney disease, or death from kidney disease. Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we derived pooled estimates for each PICO question and appraised evidence certainty on an outcome-by-outcome basis. With GRADE, evidence certainty is appraised across 5 domains: risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision, inconsistency, and publication bias. This extensive and detailed analysis is provided in the companion article.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
We used a modified Delphi process in which panelists voted on and suggested refinements to draft statements to derive the final statements. All conflicts of interest were declared. For recommendations to go forward a two-thirds voting majority was required. It should be emphasized that the voting was primarily an evaluation of the commissioned meta-analysis which, by design, included all available data and not just trial-specific data. Practical points were identified through surveying the panel members, and through examining other published guidelines.
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease.
The primary writing group also submitted a draft for peer-review by a secondary panel, after which peer-review was undertaken by the CCS Guideline Committee. Simultaneously but separately, the de novo systematic review and meta-analysis supporting this guideline was peer-reviewed.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
The overall goal of the process was to produce guidelines on the basis of the best, most comprehensive, and most up to date evidence that would allow clinicians and patients to make collaborative treatment decisions. These guidelines were undertaken under the auspices of the Guideline Committee of the CCS without representation or funding from the pharmaceutical or device industry.
Evidence Synthesis and Recommendations at a Glance
As indicated previously, the recommendations are on the basis of a companion, systematic review and meta-analysis to which the reader is referred for details of data synthesis and GRADE tables summarizing evidence quality.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 1 herein is a summary of the relative benefits (hazard ratios [HRs]) and event reductions per 1000 treated patients. The resulting recommendations are provided in Table 2. A summary of the specific trials, the medications used, and the cardiorenal outcomes that were significantly improved are provided in Table 3. A general approach to the integration of GLP-1RA and SGLT2i as cardiorenal agents into cardiovascular practice is provided in Figure 1.
Table 1Summary of relative (hazard ratios) and absolute event reductions per 1000 treated patients for cardiorenal outcomes in study populations with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or type 2 diabetes
Numbers in parentheses represent 95% confidence intervals.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 2Practice recommendations for use of GLP-1RA or SGLT2i for cardiorenal risk reduction in adults
According to current Canadian product monographs, initiation of dapagliflozin is not recommended for eGFR < 25 mL/min/1.73 m2, empagliflozin and canagliflozin are not recommended for eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Conversion of UACR 200 mg/g = 22.6 mg/mmol, which was rounded to 20 mg/mmol for clinical translation in Canada.
The screening recommendation is a “good practice statement” which was not derived from a PICO question or extensive literature review but which, nevertheless, was considered by the panel through the same modified Delphi process used to evaluate the other recommendations.
This table reflects data considered suitable for the systematic review and meta-analysis, which used hazard ratios-time to event data, adjusted for other covariates.7 On the basis of those criteria, a study using lixisenatide26 showed neutral results for all critical end points of interest for this guideline and is not shown. Similarly, no individual trial showed significant reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction.
(class and medication listed in alphabetical order)
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.
AMPLITUDE-O, Effect of Efpeglenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; CREDENCE, Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation; DAPA-CKD, Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease; DAPA-HF, Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure; DECLARE-TIMI 58, Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; EMPA-REG OUTCOME, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients–Removing Excess Glucose; EMPEROR-Preserved, Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction; EMPEROR-Reduced, Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction; ER, extended release; EXSCEL, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; Harmony Outcomes, Effect of Albiglutide, When Added to Standard Blood Glucose Lowering Therapies, on Major Cardiovascular Events in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; HF, heart failure; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; PIONEER 6, Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment 6; REWIND, Researching Cardiovascular Events With a Weekly Incretin in Diabetes; SCORED, Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment Who Are at Cardiovascular Risk; SGLT2, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; SOLOIST-WHF, Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure; SUSTAIN 6, Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes 6; VERTIS-CV, Evaluation or Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial.
∗ This table reflects data considered suitable for the systematic review and meta-analysis, which used hazard ratios-time to event data, adjusted for other covariates.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
showed neutral results for all critical end points of interest for this guideline and is not shown. Similarly, no individual trial showed significant reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction.
Figure 1Integration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) into cardiovascular practice. ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HF, heart failure; MRF, multiple risk factors; T2D, type 2 diabetes. ∗ In patients with high stroke risk, or history of transient ischemic attack/stroke, consider initial integration of GLP-1RA into management plan followed by integration of SGLT2i on the basis of changes in heart failure or kidney status or for further glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c)-lowering.
The opportunity to help reduce cardiorenal morbidity and mortality through the use of diabetes-related drugs requires vigilance in identification of appropriate patients for therapy. Assessment of HF symptoms is commonplace and fosters appropriate use of imaging and biomarker tests to identify HF and its phenotype. Serum creatinine and eGFR are often measured to ensure appropriate CV drug dosing or in anticipation of diagnostic tests using contrast media. But measures of A1c and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) are often not included to identify patients who might well benefit from use of cardiorenal risk-reduction drugs. Consequently, we have included a general recommendation to undertake these tests as part of a comprehensive CV risk assessment. Moreover, digital health technologies might further facilitate identification of appropriate patients.
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease.
Cardiovascular specialists are encouraged to assess kidney and glycemic status through measurement of eGFR, UACR, and A1c and to document left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when evaluating symptoms of HF.
SGLT2i for the Treatment of HF
PICO 1: In patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; ≤ 40%) what is the role of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA compared with placebo for reduction of CV disease or hospitalization for HF?
Our systematic review did not identify any large randomized clinical trials of GLP-1RA for the management of HF. Accordingly, our discussion and recommendations are on the basis of evidence from clinical trials of SGLT2i. The results of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
During a median 18-month follow-up of 4744 patients with HFrEF, treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg daily significantly reduced the composite primary end point of time to first worsening of HF or death from CV causes (HR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.85]; P < 0.001), as well as hospitalization for HF (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59-0.83) and CV death (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.98). Importantly, 55% of patients did not have T2D, and the effect of dapagliflozin was similar at any A1c level.
Effects of dapagliflozin on symptoms, function, and quality of life in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: results from the DAPA-HF trial.
Effect of dapagliflozin according to baseline systolic blood pressure in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF).
Outcomes were not modified by baseline kidney function and dapagliflozin was associated with a slower eGFR decline compared with placebo in diabetes and nondiabetes cohorts.
which compared empagliflozin 10 mg daily with placebo in patients with symptomatic HFrEF, showed results concordant with the DAPA-HF study. Participants had an LVEF ≤ 40% and elevated N-terminal pro hormone brain natriuretic peptide levels that varied according to LVEF and atrial fibrillation status. Enrollment could occur with an eGFR as low as 20 mL/min/1.73 m2. During a median follow-up of 16 months, CV death or hospitalization for HF occurred in 19.4% of participants in the empagliflozin group and in 24.7% of the placebo group (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86; P < 0.001) and the benefit was comparable in those with or without diabetes. The total number of hospitalizations for HF was lower in the empagliflozin group (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.85; P < 0.001), as was the annual rate of decline in eGFR (−0.55 vs −2.28 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year; P < 0.001). Use of background therapy for HFrEF was excellent in both trials. Notably, sacubitril-valsartan served as a renin-angiotensin inhibitor in approximately 11% of patients in DAPA-HF and approximately 19% in EMPEROR-Reduced at baseline (concordant with clinical practice at the time of recruitment for these trials). Cardiac resynchronization therapy was used in 7.5% of patients in DAPA-HF and in 12% in EMPEROR-Reduced. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators, with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy, were used in 26% and 31%, respectively. No treatment interactions were noted among SGLT2i and these baseline therapies.
Treatment with SGLT2i showed no excess in hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, or renal side effects compared with placebo. A meta-analysis of the 2 trials shows that SGLT2i reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic HFrEF, whether T2D is present or not.
The CCS/CHFS guideline was one of the first worldwide to endorse SGLT2i as foundational therapy for patients with HFrEF in concert with angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), β-blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA).
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
Our systematic review and meta-analysis (Table 1) indicates that use of SGLT2i in patients with LVEF ≤ 40% is associated with a 16% reduction in all-cause mortality or CV mortality, a 31% reduction in hospitalization for HF, and a 41% reduction in the composite kidney outcome of significant decline in eGFR, progression to end-stage kidney disease, or death due to kidney disease.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
In adults with HF and LVEF ≤ 40%, we recommend use of SGLT2i to reduce all-cause and CV mortality, hospitalization for HF, and the composite end point of significant decline in eGFR, progression to end-stage kidney disease, or death due to kidney disease (Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence).
Practical tip. SGLT2i can be considered in stabilized HF patients. They are not indicated for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, or for patients receiving dialysis or with severely compromised renal function (eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2). Clinicians should refer to the appropriate guidelines for conditions such as symptomatic hyperglycemia, metabolically decompensated patients with T2D, as well as for acute renal failure. Consider temporary discontinuation of SGLT2i therapy in the context of acute events (see Figs. 2 and 3), and permanent discontinuation if eGFR remains < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2.
PICO 2: In patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; > 40%) what is the role of novel antihyperglycemic agents compared with placebo for reduction of CV death or hospitalization for HF?
Figure 2Management of antihyperglycemic medications when adding SGLT2i (eGFR ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2) or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonists (GLP-1RA). A1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors.∗ SGLT2i have markedly reduced glycemic-lowering efficacy when eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.72 m2, so there is less concern about hypoglycemia with insulin or insulin secretagogues (meglitinides or sulfonylureas).
trial was the first phase III randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to achieve its primary end point in patients with symptomatic HFpEF (> 40%). In this landmark trial the composite of CV death or HF hospitalization was significantly reduced in patients who were randomized to empagliflozin 10 mg vs placebo and standard of care therapy (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.90; P < 0.0003). A total of 5988 patients were randomized with a median follow-up of 26 months. Standard of care therapy included 80% of patients receiving renin angiotensin inhibitor or ARNI, 38% receiving MRA, 86% receiving β-blocker, and 70% receiving statins in the placebo arm, which was not significantly different from the empagliflozin randomized group. The reduction in the primary composite end point was driven predominantly by a reduction in first hospitalization for HF (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83). The first hierarchical secondary end point of total (first and recurrent) HF hospitalization was significantly reduced (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P < 0.001) as was the second secondary end point, which was the slope of decline in glomerular filtration rate (−3.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 for those receiving empagliflozin vs −5.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 for those receiving placebo; P < 0.0001). This aligned with findings in the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. In contrast to Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB Global Outcomes in HF With Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF)
there was no heterogeneity for treatment effect for the primary end point relevant to sex or baseline LVEF on the basis of predefined tertiles of LVEF. There was also no heterogeneity for treatment benefit on the basis of the presence or absence of diabetes.
Effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with heart failure by baseline diabetes status: results from the EMPEROR-Reduced trial.
The safety profile was similar to that previously recognized in HFrEF patient cohorts. Additional data presented with an alpha protected pooled analysis of EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved suggest that empagliflozin is an agent that will be beneficial across a continuum of ejection fraction although benefit was not seen with ejection fraction > 65%.
Effects of dapagliflozin on symptoms, function, and quality of life in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: results from the DAPA-HF trial.
On the basis of our meta-analysis (Table 1), use of SGLT2i is associated with a 29% reduction in hospitalization for HF. In contrast to the results in patients with HFrEF, the results in patients with HFpEF do not support a significant reduction in either all-cause or CV mortality or in reducing the composite kidney outcome.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
In adults with HF and LVEF > 40%, we recommend use of SGLT2i to reduce hospitalization for HF (Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence).
Practical tip. This recommendation is on the basis of the results of the EMPEROR-Preserved trial (empagliflozin 10 mg daily vs placebo in addition to recommended HF therapy) but trials using other SGLT2i are pending. The recommendation is intended for stabilized patients. SGLT2i are not indicated for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, or for patients receiving dialysis or with severely compromised renal function (eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2).
General discussion
High value is placed on use of therapies that reduce CV mortality and hospitalization for HF in well conducted randomized controlled trials. Medications such as ARNI and SGLT2i have clinical benefits in patients treated with ACEi or ARB, β-blockers, and MRA as background therapy. The mechanisms of action are complementary in patients with HFrEF and underscore a multidrug approach.
Preference is given to the use of pharmacotherapy in patients with symptomatic HFrEF regardless of New York Heart Association functional class. The writing group acknowledges lack of data that have directly compared dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in the management of HFrEF. Local accessibility to these agents and eGFR might provide guidance as to which agent is selected as a component of the 4 standard therapies for HFrEF. The writing group also acknowledges lack of evidence that has compared different strategies for the sequence in which guideline-directed medical therapies are prescribed.
Evidence from the recent Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure (SOLOIST-WHF) trial
suggests that sotagliflozin (a sodium-glucose co-transporter 1/2 inhibitor, not yet available in Canada) could be used safely before discharge or shortly thereafter in patients with T2D who were hemodynamically stabilized after hospitalization for HF. Sotagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of achieving the primary end point of CV death, hospitalization for HF, or urgent visit for HF (51.0 vs 76.3 events per 100 patient-years; HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.85). The value of early initiation is a primary focus of 1 ongoing and 1 completed trial.
The Empagliflozin 10 mg Compared to Placebo, Initiated in Patients Hospitalised for Acute Heart Failure (de Novo or Decompensated Chronic HF) Who Have Been Stabilised (EMPULSE) trial had not been published at the time of the final draft of this report and is not included in our meta-analysis.
It included fewer than 600 patients, but using the win ratio approach (a new approach to the analysis of composite end points in clinical trials on the basis of the clinical priority attached to each component), it suggests that the use of SGLT2i in patients hospitalized for acute HF (HFrEF or HFpEF) can provide significant net clinical benefit, including reduced rates of rehospitalization and death within 90 days compared with placebo and regardless of the type of HF or diabetes status. In addition, improvements in quality of life metrics were seen and therapy was well tolerated compared with placebo with no cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in either group. Although it would not have met our criteria for meta-analysis, another novel trial showed that patient-centred quality of life outcomes were improved with canagliflozin with similar results for patients with HFrEF and HFpEF, and for patients with and without T2D.
Integration of SGLT2i in the Management of Patients With CKD
PICO 3: In patients with CKD what is the role of novel antihyperglycemic agents compared with placebo for reduction of the composite of kidney death, progression to dialysis, or reduction of eGFR?
An ongoing study is evaluating the role of GLP-1RA in patients with established CKD
but completed trials pertain solely to SGLT2i. The first trial in the setting of CKD was the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) trial undertaken in patients with T2D, eGFR 30 to < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and UACR 33.9-565 mg/mmol.
All patients were receiving baseline ACEi or ARB, and were assigned to treatment with canagliflozin at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. The trial was stopped early (with 4401 patients randomized and a median follow-up of 2.6 years) because of overwhelming benefit: the composite of end-stage kidney disease, doubling of serum creatinine, and kidney or CV death was reduced in subjects who received canagliflozin compared with placebo (43.2 vs 61.2 events per 1000 patient-years; P < 0.00001). Beneficial effects were noted irrespective of baseline A1c, including among patients with A1c between 6.5% and 7%. The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trial
showed that dapagliflozin, used in addition to standard therapy, also reduced kidney and CV outcomes in patients with established CKD. In 4304 participants, with or without T2D, with an eGFR between 25 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and albuminuria (a UACR of 22.6-565.6 mg/mmol) who were randomized to dapagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo, the primary composite of a sustained decline in eGFR of at least 50%, end-stage kidney disease, or death from kidney or CV causes was reduced by 44% (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45-0.68; P < 0.001). The HR for composite of death from CV causes or hospitalization for HF was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.55-0.92; P < 0.009). All-cause mortality was also significantly reduced (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.88; P < .004) and the excellent safety profile of dapagliflozin was confirmed in this group. Not available at the time of data synthesis and publication of this guideline, the Empagliflozin Once Daily to Assess Cardio-renal Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (EMPA-KIDNEY) study, undertaken in patients with established CKD, which compared empagliflozin 10 mg with placebo, was stopped early after achieving positive efficacy on the basis of the primary end point (a composite of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death) thereby further supporting the role of SGLT2i for cardiorenal protection.
On the basis of our meta-analysis of the available data, Table 1 shows substantial benefit in all critical end points of interest except for reduction of nonfatal stroke.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
The 36% reduction in the composite kidney outcome was also associated with all-cause (18%) and CV mortality (15%) reductions, a 23% reduction in nonfatal MI, and a 37% reduction in hospitalization for HF.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
In adults with CKD (UACR > 20 mg/mmol and eGFR ≥ 25 mL/min/1.73 m2), we recommend use of SGLT2i to reduce the composite of significant decline in eGFR, progression to end stage kidney disease, or kidney death, all-cause and CV mortality, nonfatal MI, and hospitalization for HF (Strong recommendation, Moderate-Quality Evidence).
Practical tip. Referral to a specialist with expertise in CKD should be considered in the following situations: progressive loss of kidney function, urine UACR persistently > 60 mg/mmol, or progressive rise in UACR despite appropriate therapy, eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, inability to continue kidney-protective therapies because of adverse effects, such as hyperkalemia or a > 30% increase in serum creatinine within 3 months of starting SGLT2i, ACEi, or ARB, inability to achieve target BP, or signs/symptoms of another underlying kidney disease, such as glomerulonephritis.
General discussion
Because of the close inter-relationship of CKD and CV disease, recognizing these clinical entities and their prognostic effect is of great importance. A diagnosis of CKD is made in people with an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or random UACR ≥ 2.0 mg/mmol on at least 2 of 3 samples over a 3-month period.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease.
Measuring eGFR and UACR on an annual basis (at a minimum) is recommended for patients with CV disease or multiple risk factors. The reviewed trials indicate cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2i in patients regardless of diabetes status. Among those living with CKD and T2D, it should be emphasized that reduction in the onset and progression of CKD can also be enhanced by attaining optimal A1c and BP goals. For the latter, incorporation of an ACEi or an ARB is warranted. Moreover, even when patients with T2D and CKD have achieved A1c goals, one of the SGLT2i should be included to reduce risks of CKD progression, HF, and MACE. In patients with T2D and CKD who have not achieved individualized glycemic targets despite use of metformin and SGLT2i, or who are unable to use those medications, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease.
Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER trials.
Although this guideline supports this recommendation, we have not made an explicit recommendation in this regard because no dedicated CKD trials using this class are currently complete. The available evidence from other trials is summarized in the accompanying de novo meta-analysis
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
but the kidney outcomes definitions have varied among trials (Supplemental Table S1). Moreover, because of our focus on cardiorenal benefits, and considering that SGLT2i have been studied in clinical trials dedicated to patients with CKD, we believe that SGLT2i should be part of first-line treatment in patients with CKD and T2D and that the inclusion of drugs with proven cardiorenal benefits should be independent of whether the patient is taking metformin or not. It should be emphasized, however, that the A1c-lowering effect of SGLT2i is diminished in the presence of CKD, and is minor at eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and absent at an eGFR of < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Integration of GLP-1RA or SGLT2i in Patients With T2D With or at Risk of atherosclerotic CVD
PICO 4: In patients with T2D and either atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) or high CV risk, what is the role of novel antihyperglycemic agents compared with placebo for reduction of a composite of CV death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke?
The initial trial that used empagliflozin published in 2015, through to the most recent trial that used efpeglenatide published in 2021 were evaluated in detail in the accompanying systematic review and meta-analysis.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 1 shows that MACE was reduced similarly by both classes with a relative risk reduction of 12%-14%. These classes were also associated with similar relative risk reductions in all-cause (12%-15%) and CV mortality (13%-15%). Reduction in nonfatal MI was noted only with SGLT2i but the effect was modest (10% relative risk reduction). Because this effect was not statistically different from the neutral effects on nonfatal MI associated with the GLP-1RA class, we make no recommendation on the basis of this end point. The SGLT2i class showed significant relative risk reduction for the prevention of the composite kidney outcomes (35%) and for hospitalization for HF (32%) compared with placebo and superior to GLP-1RA. As noted previously, currently we do not have any large clinical trials for the treatment of HF or CKD in patients with or without T2D using GLP-1RA. Finally, the important but less common outcome of nonfatal stroke was reduced with GLP-1RA, particularly in the Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN) 6 trial (semaglutide once weekly injection) and Researching Cardiovascular Events With a Weekly Incretin in Diabetes (REWIND; dulaglutide) trials.
Cardiovascular risk reduction with once-weekly semaglutide in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of gender, age, and baseline CV risk profile in the SUSTAIN 6 trial.
In adults with T2D and either established ASCVD or multiple risk factors for ASCVD, we recommend use of:
a.
GLP-1RA or SGLT2i to reduce the risk of all-cause or CV mortality or MACE (Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence),
b.
SGLT2i to reduce the risk of hospitalization for HF or the composite of significant decline in eGFR, progression to end stage kidney disease or kidney death (Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence),
c.
GLP-1RA to reduce the risk of nonfatal stroke (Strong Recommendation; Moderate-Quality Evidence).
Practical tip. A combination of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA might theoretically improve cardiorenal benefits in patients with T2D and either ASCVD or multiple risk factors for ASCVD whose A1c remains suboptimal despite initial treatment with only one of these agents or if clinical status changes (eg, new onset HF or CKD; Fig. 1).
General discussion
The principles of pharmacotherapy for patients with T2D have been thoroughly reviewed by Diabetes Canada.
Achievement of target glucose levels, especially in the early years after T2D diagnosis, reduces the incidence and progression of microvascular complications and, in the long term (more than 10 years), is associated with reduced CV outcomes.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
In parallel with achieving the A1c goal, it is also recommended that GLP-1RA or SGLT2i be included for patients with T2D with or at high risk of ASCVD to reduce cardiorenal risk, irrespective of A1c. Thus, substitution of (replacing rather than adding) an agent with cardiorenal benefit might be appropriate if people are at or near A1c target.
The choice of initial pharmacotherapy has emerged as an area of uncertainty in patients with newly diagnosed T2D who have or are at risk of ASCVD. Although most guidelines continue to recommend metformin as first-line antihyperglycemic therapy, the European Society of Cardiology diabetes guideline
recommends that GLP-1RA or SGLT2i should be first-line therapy in individuals with ASCVD or at high or very high CV risk. Although there have been no specific trials to show cardiorenal benefit for GLP-1RA or SGLT2i when used as first-line therapy or as monotherapy or in newly diagnosed T2D, the benefit seen in the CV outcome trials has not been found to vary with the duration of diabetes, suggesting that similar benefits might be seen early in the course of disease.
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Similar cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and established or high risk for coronary vascular disease treated with dulaglutide with and without baseline metformin.
Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with and without baseline metformin use: post hoc analyses of the LEADER trial.
Therefore, the inclusion of GLP-1RA or SGLT2i at the time of diagnosis of T2D in patients with ASCVD or multiple risk factors is a reasonable option and aligns with the views of Diabetes Canada.
In addition, the traditional role of metformin in the early management of T2D is not always appropriate if not tolerated or contraindicated (eg, eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). In HF, including HFrEF and HFpEF, SGLT2i used in addition to other evidence-based HF therapies but without treatment with metformin were shown to improve major HF-related outcomes and quality of life within a short period of time after initiation of therapy. Moreover, benefit was seen in patients with and those without T2D.
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Similar cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and established or high risk for coronary vascular disease treated with dulaglutide with and without baseline metformin.
Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with and without baseline metformin use: post hoc analyses of the LEADER trial.
in persons with T2D and CV risk factors only; benefits to reduce MACE or mortality, at least within the short-term duration of the trials to date, are less certain.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Primary prevention of cardiovascular and heart failure events with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and their combination in type 2 diabetes.
a factor that might help selection between SGLT2i or GLP-1RA for A1c reduction. Our analyses (Table 1) indicate that the reduction of nonfatal stroke is strongest for GLP-1RA, which might also factor into the initial choice of classes.
Opinions vary about whether beneficial effects are general to a class or specific to individual agents. Although network meta-analyses have attempted to provide comparisons of specific SGLT2i or GLP-1RA, no head-to-head trials are currently available that help differentiate between medications within either of these 2 classes.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Comparative efficacy of 5 sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and 7 glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists interventions on cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients: a network meta-analysis based on cardiovascular or renal outcome trials.
Consequently, the writing group consensus emphasizes class effects but recognizes that some outcomes have been associated with specific agents (Table 3). Using both classes together to achieve glycemic targets when needed appears to be a reasonable option. However, it is not known whether additional cardiorenal benefit can be expected by combining both classes, although the potential mechanisms might be complementary. The most recent GLP-1RA CV outcome trial showed similar benefit whether the patient was using SGLT2i or not.
Efpeglenatide and clinical outcomes with and without concomitant sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition use in type 2 diabetes: exploratory analysis of the AMPLITUDE-O trial.
Finally, an individualized approach to therapy should also weigh the individual’s preferences, costs and coverage, side effect profile, consideration of kidney function and glucose-lowering efficacy, desire for weight loss, and comorbidities such as frailty. Although diminished kidney function attenuates the glucose-lowering effects of SGLT2i, cardiorenal protection is maintained with an eGFR > 20-25 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Practical Considerations for Integrating GLP-1RA and SGLT2i Into Practice
When using these classes for cardiorenal benefit, one must consider potential side effects and advise on strategies to minimize them (Table 4 and Fig. 2).
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in canada: sick-day medication list.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 2 diabetes: should we be concerned in people without diabetes?.
The most common side effects of GLP-1RA are gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). These side effects are most prominent at initiation of treatment and usually improve over time. Mitigation strategies are shown in Table 4. Note that a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor can be discontinued when adding GLP-1RA because they are both incretin-based therapies and the DPP-4 inhibitor is redundant in that situation. In the SUSTAIN 6 trial of subcutaneous once weekly semaglutide, more retinopathy events occurred in the semaglutide group. However, this increase appears to be due to the rapid and robust glucose-lowering in people with marked hyperglycemia and preexisting retinopathy—a phenomenon previously observed in studies of insulin. In those patients, glucose-lowering is still desired but simultaneous regular examinations by an eye care professional is critical so that any changes can be addressed in a timely fashion. The long-term benefits of glucose control on the eyes far outweigh any acute risk.
The most common adverse effect of SGLT2i is genital mycotic infections (GMIs). Women (10%-15% risk), those with previous GMI, and uncircumcised men are at highest risk. GMI risk can be reduced with appropriate genital hygiene strategies and when they occur, can typically be managed with antifungal drugs and do not require discontinuation of therapy.
The risk of hypoglycemia is an important consideration if patients are using insulin secretagogues (meglitinides and sulfonylureas) and/or insulin (Fig. 2). The risk of hypoglycemia is greater if the eGFR is > 45 mL/min/m2 or the A1c is close to target in which case a reduced dose of insulin secretagogues and/or insulin should be considered and additional self-blood glucose monitoring and counselling around hypoglycemia symptoms and treatment are recommended. The risk of hypoglycemia is lower if A1c is > 8%. If SGLT2i are used in those with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 the risk is lower because the glycemic-lowering effect of SGLT2i is minimal. In contrast, for GLP-1RA, the potential for glucose-lowering is present across the eGFR spectrum. To decide if adjustment of existing insulin secretagogues and/or insulin is needed, consider the current A1c. If A1c is > 8%, then the addition of these agents is less likely to cause hypoglycemia but the patient should be counselled about the potential for hypoglycemia. However, if the A1c is ≤ 8%, then a reduction in the dose or discontinuation of the insulin secretagogue is warranted to avoid hypoglycemia. In the case of insulin, dose reduction by 10%-20% or more might be required to avoid hypoglycemia. Communication with the patient’s diabetes team is critical when any such changes to therapy are being considered, especially for SGLT2i, as aggressive reduction of insulin is a risk factor for DKA.
SGLT2i have been associated with DKA (incidence 0.1%) among patients with diabetes. Patients with SGLT2i-associated DKA might present with normal or only modestly elevated blood glucose level (< 14 mmol/L). Inadequate insulin remains the cause of DKA and therefore, mitigation strategies shown in Table 4 can reduce the risk. Nonspecific symptoms associated with DKA include: shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, anorexia, excessive thirst, and lethargy. Patients without diabetes are not at risk of DKA when these agents are used.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 2 diabetes: should we be concerned in people without diabetes?.
SGLT2i use might result in a temporary decrease in eGFR of up to 15%-25%, which generally resolves in 1-3 months and is not usually a sign of acute kidney injury. The decrease in eGFR is expected and results from a decrease in intraglomerular pressure induced by these agents, conceptually similar to what is seen with ACEi and ARB. In fact, trial evidence suggests that there is no increase or even a reduction in acute kidney injury.
Accordingly, this eGFR reduction should not result in premature discontinuation of SGLT2i, which favourably modifies kidney outcomes. Despite this reassurance, attention to volume status is always required, especially when SGLT2i, ARNIs, and loop diuretics are used in combination because of their additive effects to promote diuresis. SGLT2i should be stopped temporarily in the setting of concomitant dehydrating illness as part of “sick day” management.
Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in canada: sick-day medication list.
Caution is warranted in patients with very low and variable BP or when kidney function is already extremely compromised. Currently, canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are contraindicated in patients undergoing dialysis and empagliflozin is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2. As indicated previously, referral to a specialist with expertise in CKD should be considered in the following situations: progressive loss of kidney function, urine UACR persistently > 60 mg/mmol, or progressive increase in UACR despite appropriate therapy, eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, inability to continue kidney-protective therapies because of adverse effects, such as hyperkalemia or a > 30% increase in serum creatinine within 3 months of starting SGLT2i, ACEi, or ARB, inability to achieve target BP, or signs/symptoms of another underlying kidney disease, such as glomerulonephritis.
The increased risk of amputation seen in the large, long-term Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) trial for canagliflozin, and select observational studies, merits further research but overall, there is currently no consistent evidence of SGLT2i exposure and increased risk of amputation.
A remarkable paradigm shift has occurred with the availability of diabetes-related drugs with proven cardiorenal benefits in patients with and without T2D. We summarize our overview for appropriate, safe, and effective use of SGLT2i in Figure 3 and for GLP-1RA in Figure 4. CV medicine continues to progress with numerous new interventions shown to be clearly superior to historical standards of care and requiring practitioners to balance the proven benefits with administrative, economic, and access issues. These factors can complicate physician-patient decisions in the early stages of implementation but ultimately, evidence shows that more general incorporation of these treatments in appropriate patients will alter the natural course of disease. Achieving A1c targets continues to be an important goal for T2D. Also critical is the expeditious reduction of cardiorenal risk, thereby mandating a paradigm shift in prioritization of therapies. The profound benefits noted in the treatment of established HF or CKD or in the prevention of cardiorenal morbidity or mortality are not strongly tied to A1c-lowering. Accordingly, their initiation should not be predicated on the need for additional A1c-lowering. While upholding the principle of judicious stewardship of health care resources, it is imperative to advocate for lowering all hurdles to access of these classes of agents. Accordingly, the recommendations put forward can be considered ideal and aspirational, requiring tailoring to the specific and changing clinical environment faced by individuals with T2D, CKD, or HF and their health care professionals. This will require shared decision-making with the patient that reflects interdisciplinary collaboration from cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, primary care physicians, and pharmacists who should make every effort to integrate these diabetes-related agents with cardiorenal benefits into an overall and individualized treatment plan.
Figure 4Practical approach to the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonists (GLP-1RA) for cardiorenal risk reduction. A1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; GI, gastrointestinal; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; SC, subcutaneously.
CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: clinical trial update on functional mitral regurgitation, SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI in HFpEF, and tafamidis in amyloidosis.
The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiorenal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Effects of dapagliflozin on symptoms, function, and quality of life in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: results from the DAPA-HF trial.
Effect of dapagliflozin according to baseline systolic blood pressure in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF).
Effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with heart failure by baseline diabetes status: results from the EMPEROR-Reduced trial.
Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER trials.
Cardiovascular risk reduction with once-weekly semaglutide in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of gender, age, and baseline CV risk profile in the SUSTAIN 6 trial.
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
Similar cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and established or high risk for coronary vascular disease treated with dulaglutide with and without baseline metformin.
Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with and without baseline metformin use: post hoc analyses of the LEADER trial.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Primary prevention of cardiovascular and heart failure events with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and their combination in type 2 diabetes.
Comparative efficacy of 5 sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and 7 glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists interventions on cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients: a network meta-analysis based on cardiovascular or renal outcome trials.
Efpeglenatide and clinical outcomes with and without concomitant sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibition use in type 2 diabetes: exploratory analysis of the AMPLITUDE-O trial.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 2 diabetes: should we be concerned in people without diabetes?.
The disclosure information of the authors and reviewers is available from the CCS on their guidelines library at www.ccs.ca.
This statement was developed following a thorough consideration of medical literature and the best available evidence and clinical experience. It represents the consensus of a Canadian panel comprised of multidisciplinary experts on this topic with a mandate to formulate disease-specific recommendations. These recommendations are aimed to provide a reasonable and practical approach to care for specialists and allied health professionals obliged with the duty of bestowing optimal care to patients and families, and can be subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and as practice patterns evolve. The statement is not intended to be a substitute for physicians using their individual judgement in managing clinical care in consultation with the patient, with appropriate regard to all the individual circumstances of the patient, diagnostic and treatment options available and available resources. Adherence to these recommendations will not necessarily produce successful outcomes in every case.
Evidence for the cardiorenal risk reduction properties of antihyperglycemic medications originally prescribed for type 2 diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) is rapidly emerging. We completed a meta-analysis of recent literature to provide evidence-based estimates of benefit across various populations and outcomes.
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