Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease From Cocaine, Amphetamines, Alcohol, and Marijuana

References

1. • Barbieri M.
   The contribution of drug-related deaths to the US disadvantage in mortality.
   Int J Epidemiol. 2019; 48: 945-953
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wide-Ranging Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). Available at: https://wonder.cdc.gov/. Accessed February 1, 2022.

   View in Article

   • Google Scholar

3. Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses, Public Health Agency of Canada. Opioid and stimulant-related harms in Canada. Available at: https://health-infobase.canada.ca/substance-related-harms/opioids-stimulants. Accessed February 1, 2022.

   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
4. • Ritchie H.
   • Roser M.
   Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and illicit drugs. Our World in Data.
   (Available at:)
   https://ourworldindata.org/illicit-drug-use
   (Accessed February 1, 2022)
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
5. • Qureshi A.I.
   • Suri M.F.
   • Guterman L.R.
   • Hopkins L.N.
   Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
   Circulation. 2001; 103: 502-506
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
6. • Vongpatanasin W.
   • Mansour Y.
   • Chavoshan B.
   • Arbique D.
   • Victor R.G.
   Cocaine stimulates the human cardiovascular system via a central mechanism of action.
   Circulation. 1999; 100: 497-502
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
7. • Wilbert-Lampen U.
   • Seliger C.
   • Zilker T.
   • Arendt R.M.
   Cocaine increases the endothelial release of immunoreactive endothelin and its concentrations in human plasma and urine: reversal by coincubation with sigma-receptor antagonists.
   Circulation. 1998; 98: 385-390
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
8. • Havranek E.P.
   • Nademanee K.
   • Greyburn P.A.
   • Eichhorn E.J.
   Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is impaired in cocaine arteriopathy.
   J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 1168-1174
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
9. • Mo W.
   • Singh A.K.
   • Arruda J.A.
   • Dunea G.
   Role of nitric oxide in cocaine-induced acute hypertension.
   Am J Hypertens. 1998; 11: 708-714
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
10. • Perreault C.L.
    • Morgan K.G.
    • Morgan J.P.
    Effects of cocaine on intracellular calcium handling in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle.
    NIDA Res Monogr. 1991; 108: 139-153
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
11. • Fogo A.
    • Superdock K.R.
    • Atkinson J.B.
    Severe arteriosclerosis in the kidney of a cocaine addict.
    Am J Kidney Dis. 1992; 20: 513-515
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
12. • Kibayashi K.
    • Mastri A.R.
    • Hirsch C.S.
    Cocaine induced intracerebral hemorrhage: analysis of predisposing factors and mechanisms causing hemorrhagic strokes.
    Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 659-663
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
13. • Kim S.T.
    • Park T.
    Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on cardiovascular health.
    Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20: 584
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
14. • Havakuk O.
    • Rezkalla S.H.
    • Kloner R.A.
    The cardiovascular effects of cocaine.
    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70: 101-113
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
15. • Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations
    World drug report 2021.
    (Available at:)
    https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html
    (Accessed February 3, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar

16. Government of Canada. Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2013: detailed tables. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2013-supplementary-tables.html. Accessed February 3, 2022.

    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
17. • Government of Canada
    Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2015: detailed tables. Available at:.
    https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2015-supplementary-tables.html
    (Accessed February 3, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
18. • Government of Canada
    Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2017: detailed tables. Available at:.
    https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html
    (Accessed February 3, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
19. • Arenas D.J.
    • Beltran S.
    • Zhou S.
    • Goldberg L.R.
    Cocaine, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Sci Rep. 2020; 1019795
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
20. • Diercks D.B.
    • Fonarow G.C.
    • Kirk J.D.
    • et al.
    Illicit stimulant use in a United States heart failure population presenting to the emergency department (from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry Emergency Module).
    Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102: 1216-1219
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
21. • Greve D.
    • Funke J.
    • Khairi T.
    • et al.
    Cocaine-related aortic dissection: what do we know?.
    Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 35: 764-769
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
22. • Dean J.H.
    • Woznicki E.M.
    • O’Gara P.
    • et al.
    Cocaine-related aortic dissection: lessons from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection.
    Am J Med. 2014; 127: 878-885
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
23. • Egashira K.
    • Morgan K.G.
    • Morgan J.P.
    Effects of cocaine on excitation-contraction coupling of aortic smooth muscle from the ferret.
    J Clin Invest. 1991; 87: 1322-1328
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
24. • Rezkalla S.H.
    • Mazza J.J.
    • Kloner R.A.
    • Tillema V.
    • Chang S.H.
    Effects of cocaine on human platelets in healthy subjects.
    Am J Cardiol. 1993; 72: 243-246
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
25. • Siegel A.J.
    • Mendelson J.H.
    • Sholar M.B.
    • et al.
    Effect of cocaine usage on C-reactive protein, von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen.
    Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89: 1133-1135
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
26. • Moliterno D.J.
    • Lange R.A.
    • Gerard R.D.
    • et al.
    Influence of intranasal cocaine on plasma constituents associated with endogenous thrombosis and thrombolysis.
    Am J Med. 1994; 96: 492-496
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
27. • Lange R.A.
    • Cigarroa R.G.
    • Yancy Jr., C.W.
    • et al.
    Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction.
    N Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 1557-1562
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
28. • Benzaquen B.S.
    • Cohen V.
    • Eisenberg M.J.
    Effects of cocaine on the coronary arteries.
    Am Heart J. 2001; 142: 402-410
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
29. • Ebersberger U.
    • Sudarski S.
    • Schoepf U.J.
    • et al.
    Atherosclerotic plaque burden in cocaine users with acute chest pain: analysis by coronary computed tomography angiography.
    Atherosclerosis. 2013; 229: 443-448
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
30. • Dressler F.A.
    • Malekzadeh S.
    • Roberts W.C.
    Quantitative analysis of amounts of coronary arterial narrowing in cocaine addicts.
    Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 303-308
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
31. • Patrizi R.
    • Pasceri V.
    • Sciahbasi A.
    • et al.
    Evidence of cocaine-related coronary atherosclerosis in young patients with myocardial infarction.
    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47: 2120-2122
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
32. • Lucena J.
    • Blanco M.
    • Jurado C.
    • et al.
    Cocaine-related sudden death: a prospective investigation in south-west Spain.
    Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 318-329
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
33. • Mahtta D.
    • Ramsey D.
    • Krittanawong C.
    • et al.
    Recreational substance use among patients with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
    Heart. 2021; 107: 650-656
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
34. • Corrado D.
    • Basso C.
    • Poletti A.
    • et al.
    Sudden death in the young. Is acute coronary thrombosis the major precipitating factor?.
    Circulation. 1994; 90: 2315-2323
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
35. • Andrews P.
    Cocaethylene toxicity.
    J Addict Dis. 1997; 16: 75-84
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
36. • Arendt M.
    • Munk-Jorgensen P.
    • Sher L.
    • Jensen S.O.
    Mortality among individuals with cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, and opioid use disorders: a nationwide follow-up study of Danish substance users in treatment.
    Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011; 114: 134-139
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
37. • Degenhardt L.
    • Singleton J.
    • Calabria B.
    • et al.
    Mortality among cocaine users: a systematic review of cohort studies.
    Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011; 113: 88-95
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
38. • Sanvisens A.
    • Hernandez-Rubio A.
    • Zuluaga P.
    • et al.
    Long-term outcomes of patients with cocaine use disorder: an 18-years addiction cohort study.
    Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12625610
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
39. • Hsue P.Y.
    • Salinas C.L.
    • Bolger A.F.
    • Benowitz N.L.
    • Waters D.D.
    Acute aortic dissection related to crack cocaine.
    Circulation. 2002; 105: 1592-1595
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
40. • Kiluk B.D.
    • Babuscio T.A.
    • Nich C.
    • Carroll K.M.
    Smokers vs snorters: do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration?.
    Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013; 21: 490-498
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
41. • Hall W.C.
    • Talbert R.L.
    • Ereshefsky L.
    Cocaine abuse and its treatment.
    Pharmacotherapy. 1990; 10: 47-65
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
42. • Lord K.C.
    • Shenouda S.K.
    • McIlwain E.
    • et al.
    Oxidative stress contributes to methamphetamine-induced left ventricular dysfunction.
    Cardiovasc Res. 2010; 87: 111-118
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
43. • Mendelson J.
    • Uemura N.
    • Harris D.
    • et al.
    Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 80: 403-420
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
44. • Darke S.
    • Duflou J.
    • Kaye S.
    Prevalence and nature of cardiovascular disease in methamphetamine-related death: a national study.
    Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017; 179: 174-179
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
45. • Hedegaard H.
    • Minino A.M.
    • Spencer M.R.
    • Warner M.
    Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2020. NCHS Data Brief no. 428.
    December 2021 (. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db428.htm. Accessed February 10, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
46. • Nishimura M.
    • Ma J.
    • Fox S.
    • et al.
    Characteristics and outcomes of methamphetamine abuse among veterans with heart failure.
    Am J Cardiol. 2019; 124: 907-911
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
47. • Reddy P.K.V.
    • Ng T.M.H.
    • Oh E.E.
    • Moady G.
    • Elkayam U.
    Clinical characteristics and management of methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: state-of-the-art review.
    J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9e016704
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
48. • Kevil C.G.
    • Goeders N.E.
    • Woolard M.D.
    • et al.
    Methamphetamine use and cardiovascular disease.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019; 39: 1739-1746
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
49. • Schwarzbach V.
    • Lenk K.
    • Laufs U.
    Methamphetamine-related cardiovascular diseases.
    ESC Heart Fail. 2020; 7: 407-414
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
50. • O’Keefe E.L.
    • Torres-Acosta N.
    • O’Keefe J.H.
    • et al.
    Takotsubo syndrome: cardiotoxic stress in the COVID era.
    Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2020; 4: 775-785
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
51. • Ferreira V.M.
    • Marcelino M.
    • Piechnik S.K.
    • et al.
    Pheochromocytoma is characterised by catecholamine-mediated myocarditis, focal and diffuse myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial dysfunction.
    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67: 2364-2374
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
52. • Schurer S.
    • Klingel K.
    • Sandri M.
    • et al.
    Clinical characteristics, histopathological features, and clinical outcome of methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy.
    JACC Heart Fail. 2017; 5: 435-445
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
53. • Voskoboinik A.
    • Ihle J.F.
    • Bloom J.E.
    • Kaye D.M.
    Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: patterns and predictors of recovery.
    Intern Med J. 2016; 46: 723-727
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
54. • Wijetunga M.
    • Seto T.
    • Lindsay J.
    • Schatz I.
    Crystal methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: tip of the iceberg?.
    J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41: 981-986
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
55. • Ito H.
    • Yeo K.K.
    • Wijetunga M.
    • Seto T.B.
    • Tay K.
    • Schatz I.J.
    A comparison of echocardiographic findings in young adults with cardiomyopathy: with and without a history of methamphetamine abuse.
    Clin Cardiol. 2009; 32: e18-22
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
56. • Yeo K.K.
    • Wijetunga M.
    • Ito H.
    • et al.
    The association of methamphetamine use and cardiomyopathy in young patients.
    Am J Med. 2007; 120: 165-171
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
57. • Zhang M.
    • Lv D.
    • Zhou W.
    • et al.
    The levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in methamphetamine dependence.
    Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96e6631
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
58. • Karch S.B.
    • Stephens B.G.
    • Ho C.H.
    Methamphetamine-related deaths in San Francisco: demographic, pathologic, and toxicologic profiles.
    J Forensic Sci. 1999; 44: 359-368
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
59. • Chin K.M.
    • Channick R.N.
    • Rubin L.J.
    Is methamphetamine use associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension?.
    Chest. 2006; 130: 1657-1663
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
60. • Zamanian R.T.
    • Hedlin H.
    • Greuenwald P.
    • et al.
    Features and outcomes of methamphetamine-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 197: 788-800
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
61. • Kissela B.M.
    • Khoury J.C.
    • Alwell K.
    • et al.
    Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population.
    Neurology. 2012; 79: 1781-1787
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
62. • Lappin J.M.
    • Darke S.
    • Farrell M.
    Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review.
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017; 88: 1079-1091
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
63. • Westover A.N.
    • McBride S.
    • Haley R.W.
    Stroke in young adults who abuse amphetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalised patients.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007; 64: 495-502
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
64. • Huang M.C.
    • Yang S.Y.
    • Lin S.K.
    • et al.
    Risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke events in methamphetamine users: a 10-year follow-up study.
    J Clin Psychiatry. 2016; 77: 1396-1403
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
65. • Griswold M.G.
    • Fullman N.
    • Hawley C.
    • et al.
    Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
    Lancet. 2018; 392: 1015-1035
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
66. • O’Keefe E.L.
    • DiNicolantonio J.J.
    • O’Keefe J.H.
    • Lavie C.J.
    Alcohol and CV health: Jekyll and Hyde J-curves.
    Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018; 61: 68-75
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
67. • Grucza R.A.
    • Sher K.J.
    • Kerr W.C.
    • et al.
    Trends in adult alcohol use and binge drinking in the early 21st-century United States: a meta-analysis of 6 national survey series.
    Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018; 42: 1939-1950
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
68. • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services
    Binge alcohol use.
    (Available at:)
    https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29393/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML/2019NSDUHFFR090120.htm#alc2
    (Accessed February 10, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
69. • Chung T.
    • Creswell K.G.
    • Bachrach R.
    • Clark D.B.
    • Martin C.S.
    Adolescent binge drinking.
    Alcohol Res. 2018; 39: 5-15
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
70. • Kann L.
    • McManus T.
    • Harris W.A.
    • et al.
    Youth risk behaviour surveillance—United States, 2015.
    MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016; 65: 1-174
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
71. • Addolorato G.
    • Vassallo G.A.
    • Antonelli G.
    • et al.
    Binge drinking among adolescents is related to the development of alcohol use disorders: results from a cross-sectional study.
    Sci Rep. 2018; 812624
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
72. • Ettinger P.O.
    • Wu C.F.
    • de la Cruz Jr., C.
    • et al.
    Arrhythmias and the “holiday heart”: alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders.
    Am Heart J. 1978; 95: 555-562
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
73. • Csengeri D.
    • Sprunker N.A.
    • di Castelnuovo A.
    • et al.
    Alcohol consumption, cardiac biomarkers, and risk of atrial fibrillation and adverse outcomes.
    Eur Heart J. 2021; 42: 1170-1177
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
74. • Marcus G.M.
    • Vittinghoff E.
    • Whitman I.R.
    • et al.
    Acute consumption of alcohol and discrete atrial fibrillation events.
    Ann Intern Med. 2021; 174: 1503-1509
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
75. • Waszkiewicz N.
    • Szulc A.
    • Zwierz K.
    Binge drinking-induced subtle myocardial injury.
    Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013; 37: 1261-1263
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
76. • Sidorenkov O.
    • Nilssen O.
    • Nieboer E.
    • Kleshchinov N.
    • Grjibovski A.M.
    Premature cardiovascular mortality and alcohol consumption before death in Arkhangelsk, Russia: an analysis of a consecutive series of forensic autopsies.
    Int J Epidemiol. 2011; 40: 1519-1529
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
77. • Ram P.
    • Lo K.B.
    • Shah M.
    • Patel B.
    • Rangaswami J.
    • Figueredo V.M.
    National trends in hospitalisations and outcomes in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
    Clin Cardiol. 2018; 41: 1423-1429
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
78. • Urbano-Marquez A.
    • Estruch R.
    • Fernandez-Sola J.
    • et al.
    The greater risk of alcoholic cardiomyopathy and myopathy in women compared with men.
    JAMA. 1995; 274: 149-154
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
79. • Bostwick J.M.
    Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana.
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2012; 87: 172-186
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
80. • DeFilippis E.M.
    • Bajaj N.S.
    • Singh A.
    • et al.
    Marijuana use in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC review topic of the week.
    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75: 320-332
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
81. • Desai R.
    • Patel U.
    • Deshmukh A.
    • Sachdeva R.
    • Kumar G.
    Burden of arrhythmia in recreational marijuana users.
    Int J Cardiol. 2018; 264: 91-92
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
82. • Hodcroft C.J.
    • Rossiter M.C.
    • Buch A.N.
    Cannabis-associated myocardial infarction in a young man with normal coronary arteries.
    J Emerg Med. 2014; 47: 277-281
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
83. • Pasha A.K.
    • Clements C.Y.
    • Reynolds C.A.
    • et al.
    Cardiovascular effects of medical marijuana: a systematic review.
    Am J Med. 2021; 134: 182-193
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
84. • Herning R.I.
    • Better W.E.
    • Tate K.
    • Cadet J.L.
    Cerebrovascular perfusion in marijuana users during a month of monitored abstinence.
    Neurology. 2005; 64: 488-493
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
85. • Jones R.T.
    Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana.
    J Clin Pharmacol. 2002; 42: 58S-63S
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
86. • Karabulut A.
    • Cakmak M.
    ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to slow coronary flow occurring after cannabis consumption.
    Kardiol Pol. 2010; 68: 1266-1268
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
87. • Desai R.
    • Patel U.
    • Sharma S.
    • et al.
    Recreational marijuana use and acute myocardial infarction: insights from Nationwide Inpatient Sample in the United States.
    Cureus. 2017; 9e1816
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
88. • Rumalla K.
    • Reddy A.Y.
    • Mittal M.K.
    Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: A population-based analysis of hospitalised patients in the United States.
    J Neurol Sci. 2016; 364: 191-196
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
89. • Mittleman M.A.
    • Mintzer D.
    • Maclure M.
    • Tofler G.H.
    • Sherwood J.B.
    • Muller J.E.
    Triggering of myocardial infarction by cocaine.
    Circulation. 1999; 99: 2737-2741
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
90. • Jouanjus E.
    • Leymarie F.
    • Tubery M.
    • Lapeyre-Mestre M.
    Cannabis-related hospitalisations: unexpected serious events identified through hospital databases.
    Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011; 71: 758-765
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
91. • Kadri A.N.
    • Wilner B.
    • Hernandez A.V.
    • et al.
    Geographic trends, patient characteristics, and outcomes of infective endocarditis associated with drug abuse in the United States From 2002 to 2016.
    J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8e012969
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
92. • Njoroge L.W.
    • Al-Kindi S.G.
    • Koromia G.A.
    • ElAmm C.A.
    • Oliveira G.H.
    Changes in the association of rising infective endocarditis with mortality in people who inject drugs.
    JAMA Cardiol. 2018; 3: 779-780
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
93. • Grant B.F.
    • Saha T.D.
    • Ruan W.J.
    • et al.
    Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions—III.
    JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73: 39-47
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
94. • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services
    Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS publication no. PEP19-5068, NSDUH series H-54. Available at:.
    https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf
    (Accessed February 13, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
95. • National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Provisional drug overdose death counts.
    (Available at:)
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm
    (Accessed February 13, 2022)
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
96. • Amor-Salamanca A.
    • Guzzo-Merello G.
    • Gonzalez-Lopez E.
    • et al.
    Prognostic impact and predictors of ejection fraction recovery in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
    Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2018; 71: 612-619
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
97. • Guzzo-Merello G.
    • Segovia J.
    • Dominguez F.
    • et al.
    Natural history and prognostic factors in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
    JACC Heart Fail. 2015; 3: 78-86
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
98. • Lin A.
    • Nah G.
    • Vittinghoff E.
    • Marcus G.M.
    Substance use and associated risk of incident atrial fibrillation [abstract].
    Circulation. 2021; 144A11349
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
99. • Aung S.
    • Nah G.
    • Vittinghoff E.
    • et al.
    Population-level analyses of alcohol consumption as a predictor of acute atrial fibrillation episodes [abstract].
    Circulation. 2021; 144A12236
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar