Abstract
Perioperative optimization of cardiac surgical patients is imperative to reduce complications,
utilize health care resources efficiently, and improve patient recovery and quality
of life. Standardized application of evidence-based best practices can lead to better
outcomes. Although many practices should be applied universally to all patients, there
are also opportunities along the surgical journey to identify patients who will benefit
from additional interventions that will further ameliorate their recovery. Enhanced
recovery programs aim to bundle several process elements in a standardized fashion
to optimize outcomes after cardiac surgery. A foundational concept of enhanced recovery
is attaining a better postsurgical end point for patients, in less time, through achievement
and maintenance in their greatest possible physiologic, functional, and psychological
state. Perioperative optimization is a broad topic, spanning multiple phases of care
and involving a variety of medical specialties and nonphysician health care providers.
In this review we highlight a variety of perioperative care topics, in which a comprehensive
approach to patient care can lead to improved results for patients, providers, and
the health care system. A particular focus on patient-centred care is included. Although
existing evidence supports all of the elements reviewed, most require further improvements
in implementation, as well as additional research, before their full potential and
usefulness can be determined.
Résumé
L’optimisation périopératoire de l’état des patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque
est nécessaire pour diminuer le risque de complications, utiliser efficacement les
ressources de soins de santé, et améliorer le rétablissement des patients ainsi que
leur qualité de vie. L’application normalisée de pratiques exemplaires fondées selon
des données probantes pourrait entraîner des résultats plus favorables. Même si plusieurs
mesures devraient idéalement être appliquées de façon universelle à tous les patients,
il est également possible tout au long de leur parcours, de cibler ceux qui bénéficieraient
d’interventions supplémentaires permettant d’aider davantage à leur rétablissement.
Les programmes mis en œuvre à cet effet après une intervention chirurgicale visent
à regrouper plusieurs éléments au sein d’une approche normalisée de façon à optimiser
les résultats. L’un des concepts de base pour améliorer le rétablissement consiste
à accélérer l’obtention des meilleurs résultats possibles après la chirurgie, et ce,
par l’atteinte et le maintien d’un état physiologique, fonctionnel et psychologique
optimal. L’optimisation périopératoire est un vaste sujet qui regroupe de multiples
phases de soins et qui nécessite le concours de nombreux médecins spécialistes et
fournisseurs de soins de santé autres que les médecins. Cet article met en lumière
divers aspects des soins périopératoires pour lesquels l’adoption d’une approche exhaustive
pourrait se traduire par une amélioration des résultats pour les patients, les professionnels
de la santé et le système de soins de santé, et s’attarde en particulier aux soins
axés sur les patients. Enfin, bien que les données disponibles à l’heure actuelle
viennent appuyer les divers aspects passés en revue, la plupart d’entre eux bénéficieraient
d’une amélioration de leur mise en pratique, ainsi que d’autres études pour caractériser
toute l’étendue de leurs possibilités de même que leur utilité réelle.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Canadian Journal of CardiologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Cardiac surgery training in Canada: current state and future perspectives.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017; 154: 998-1005
- Cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries: a state-of-the-art review.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021; 111: 1394-1400
- Inflammatory and immune responses to surgery and their clinical impact.Ann Surg. 2016; 264: 73-80
- Narrative review of the systemic inflammatory reaction to cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass.Artif Organs. 2022; 46: 568-577
- Redefining the perioperative stress response: a narrative review.Br J Anaesth. 2019; 123: 570-583
- Physiologic considerations of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs: implications of the stress response.Can J Anaesth. 2015; 62: 110-119
- Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review.JAMA Surg. 2017; 152: 292-298
- Cardiac enhanced recovery after surgery: a guide to team building and successful implementation.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 32: 187-196
- Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society recommendations.JAMA Surg. 2019; 154: 755-766
- The American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Society of Thoracic Surgeons position statement on developing clinical practice documents.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017; 153: 999-1005
- Enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery.Anesthesiol Clin. 2022; 40: 143-155
- Enhanced recovery after surgery: a narrative review of its application in cardiac surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 109: 1937-1944
- Restrictive or liberal red-cell transfusion for cardiac surgery.N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 2133-2144
- Etiology of preoperative anemia in patients undergoing scheduled cardiac surgery.Can J Anaesth. 1999; 46: 979-982
- The incidence and importance of anaemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the UK - the first Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists national audit.Anaesthesia. 2016; 71: 627-635
- Risk associated with preoperative anemia in cardiac surgery: a multicenter cohort study.Circulation. 2008; 117: 478-484
- Intra-operative red blood cell transfusion and mortality after cardiac surgery.BMC Anesthesiol. 2019; 19: 65
- Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: focus on modifiable risk factors.Circulation. 2009; 119: 495-502
- International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency.Anaesthesia. 2017; 72: 233-247
- STS/SCA/AmSECT/SABM update to the clinical practice guidelines on patient blood management.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021; 35: 2569-2591
- Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women.Blood. 2015; 126: 1981-1989
- Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21: 378-382
- Intravenous iron therapy for patients with preoperative iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery reduces blood transfusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2020; 31: 141-151
- Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective randomised trial.Lancet. 2019; 393: 2201-2212
- A single dose of erythropoietin reduces perioperative transfusions in cardiac surgery: results of a prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial.Transfusion. 2015; 55: 1644-1654
- Effects of perioperative erythropoietin administration on acute kidney injury and red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2022; 101e28920
- Perioperative Quality Initiative and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery-cardiac society consensus statement on the management of preoperative anemia and iron deficiency in adult cardiac surgery patients.Anesth Analg. 2022; 135: 532-544
- Preoperative anemia management program reduces blood transfusion in elective cardiac surgical patients, improving outcomes and decreasing hospital length of stay.Transfusion. 2021; 61: 2629-2636
- Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of comprehensive anemia management, the first pillar of patient blood management, on the Turkish healthcare system.Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2022; 14: 415-426
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. (5th edition).Reference Reviews. 2014; 28: 36-37
- Long-term effects of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing cardiac operation: a systematic review.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 102: 1391-1399
- Delirium: an independent predictor of functional decline after cardiac surgery.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58: 643-649
- Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors.Crit Care Med. 2013; 41: 405-413
- Delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and late mortality.Ann Neurol. 2010; 67: 338-344
- The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery.Anesth Analg. 2016; 123: 430-435
- Delirium prevention in postcardiac surgical critical care.Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36: 675-690
- Current approach to diagnosis and treatment of delirium after cardiac surgery.Ann Card Anaesth. 2016; 19: 328-337
- Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review.Crit Care. 2015; 19: 346
- Incidence and precipitating. 2007; 41: 180-185
- A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU.Crit Care Med. 2015; 43: 40-47
- Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study.Ann Surg. 2013; 257: 1160-1167
- Early delirium after cardiac surgery: an analysis of incidence and risk factors in elderly (> / = 65 years) and very elderly (> / = 80 years) patients.Clin Interv Aging. 2018; 13: 1061-1070
- Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.Anesthesiology. 2006; 104: 21-26
- Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU.Crit Care Med. 2018; 46: e825-e873
- Occurrence of delirium is severely underestimated in the ICU during daily care.Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35: 1276-1280
- The confusion assessment method for the ICU-7 Delirium Severity Scale: a novel delirium severity instrument for use in the ICU.Crit Care Med. 2017; 45: 851-857
- Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool.Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27: 859-864
- Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013; 21: 1190-1222
- A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 669-676
- Effect of perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic resuscitation therapy on outcomes following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review.Crit Care Med. 2016; 44: 724-733
- Significance of perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic approach in preventing postoperative complications in patients after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Ann Med. 2017; 49: 343-351
- A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients.Anesth Analg. 2000; 90: 1052-1059
- Randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of a nurse delivered, flow monitored protocol for optimisation of circulatory status after cardiac surgery.BMJ. 2004; 329: 258
- Perioperative plasma volume expansion reduces the incidence of gut mucosal hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery.Arch Surg. 1995; 130: 423-429
- Pain management after cardiac surgery.Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010; 14: 201-204
- Persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: incidence, characterization, associated factors and its impact in quality of life.Eur J Pain. 2016; 20: 1433-1442
- Chronic post-surgical pain - update on incidence, risk factors and preventive treatment options.BJA Educ. 2022; 22: 190-196
- Assessment, physiological monitoring, and consequences of inadequately treated acute pain.Pain Manag Nurs. 2008; 9: 11-21
- Opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: a review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021; 14: 1091
- Development of persistent opioid use after cardiac surgery.JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5: 889-896
- The incidence of new persistent opioid use following cardiac surgery via sternotomy.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022; 113: 33-40
- Impact of prescribing on new persistent opioid use after cardiothoracic surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 108: 1107-1113
- Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: an observational study.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015; 32: 725-734
- Postoperative multimodal analgesia in cardiac surgery.Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36: 631-651
- Patient attitudes and beliefs regarding pain medication after cardiac surgery: barriers to adequate pain management.Pain Manag Nurs. 2014; 15: 574-579
- Guidelines on enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump.Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2022; 41101059
- Intravenous paracetamol as adjunctive treatment for postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: a double blind randomized controlled trial.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007; 32: 527-531
- Intravenous acetaminophen analgesia after cardiac surgery: a randomized, blinded, controlled superiority trial.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 152: 881-889.e1
- Perioperative gabapentin and pregabalin in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2017; 67: 294-304
- Perioperative use of gabapentinoids for the management of postoperative acute pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Anesthesiology. 2020; 133: 265-279
- Enhanced recovery for cardiac surgery.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018; 32: 2760-2770
- Acute pain management: scientific evidence, fourth edition, 2015.Med J Aust. 2016; 204: 315-317
- Multimodal analgesia versus traditional opiate based analgesia after cardiac surgery, a randomized controlled trial.J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014; 9: 52
- Enhanced recovery after surgery pathway for patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018; 54: 491-497
- The effect of dexmedetomidine on the acute pain after cardiothoracic surgeries: a systematic review.Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2018; 33: 404-417
- Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 3: CD006715
- Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Fourth Edition).Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018; 43: 263-309
- Regional anesthesia in cardiac surgery: an overview of fascial plane chest wall blocks.Anesth Analg. 2020; 131: 127-135
- Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of abdominal wall, paraspinal, and chest wall blocks.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021; 46: 571-580
- Regional techniques for cardiac and cardiac-related procedures.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019; 33: 532-546
- Pain location and intensity during the first week following coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 4e10386
- Black box warning: is ketorolac safe for use after cardiac surgery?.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014; 28: 274-279
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration after coronary artery bypass surgery: utilization persists despite the boxed warning.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015; 24: 647-653
- Injection of bupivacaine into the pleural and mediastinal drains: a novel approach for decreasing incident pain after cardiac surgery - Montreal Heart Institute Experience.J Pain Res. 2020; 13: 3409-3413
- Current evidence about nutrition support in cardiac surgery patients-what do we know?.Nutrients. 2018; 10: 597
- Nutrition support in cardiac surgery patients: be calm and feed on.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 158: 1103-1108
- Preoperative nutritional status and clinical complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries.Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 31: 371-380
- Is malnutrition associated with postoperative complications after cardiac surgery?.J Card Surg. 2019; 34: 908-912
- Aging, nutritional status and health.Healthcare (Basel). 2015; 3: 648-658
- Barriers to food intake in acute care hospitals: a report of the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force.J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015; 28: 546-557
- Nutrition therapy for the critically ill surgical patient: we need to do better.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2010; 34: 644-652
- Role of nutrition support in adult cardiac surgery: a consensus statement from an international multidisciplinary expert group on nutrition in cardiac surgery.Crit Care. 2017; 21: 131
- Perioperative nutritional support: a review of current literature.Nutrients. 2022; 14: 1601
- Factors affecting adherence, intake, and perceived palatability of oral nutritional supplements: a literature review.J Nutr Health Aging. 2022; 26: 663-674
- Quality of the evidence supporting the role of oral nutritional supplements in the management of malnutrition: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Adv Nutr. 2021; 12: 503-522
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oral nutritional supplements in frail older people who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022; 3: e654-e666
- Randomised controlled trial protocol for the PROTECT-CS Study: PROTein to Enhance outComes of (pre)frail paTients undergoing Cardiac Surgery.BMJ Open. 2021; 11e037240
- “NEW” prehabilitation: a 3-way approach to improve postoperative survival and health-related quality of life in cardiac surgery patients.Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34: 839-849
- Preoperative treatment of malnutrition and sarcopenia in cardiac surgery: new frontiers.Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36: 593-616
- Starvation, carbohydrate loading, and outcome after major surgery.BJA Education. 2017; 17: 312-316
- Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration.Anesthesiology. 2017; 126: 376-393
- How sweet is this? A review and evaluation of preoperative carbohydrate loading in the enhanced recovery after surgery model.Nutr Clin Pract. 2020; 35: 246-253
- The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on clinical and biochemical outcomes after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 3105
- Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35: 2018-2027
- Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.).JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016; 40: 159-211
- Patient satisfaction after anaesthesia and surgery: results of a prospective survey of 10,811 patients.Br J Anaesth. 2000; 84: 6-10
- Incidence of nausea and vomiting after fast-track anaesthesia for heart surgery.Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2018; 33: 371-375
- Post-operative nausea and vomiting in the cardiac surgery population: who is at risk?.Heart Lung. 2014; 43: 550-554
- A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers.Anesthesiology. 1999; 91: 693-700
- Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting after cardiac surgery in high-risk patients: a randomized controlled study.Ann Card Anaesth. 2018; 21: 8-14
- A single prophylactic dose of ondansetron given at cessation of postoperative propofol sedation decreases postoperative nausea and vomiting in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial.Anesth Analg. 2020; 131: 1164-1172
- Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.Anesth Analg. 2020; 131: 411-448
- Optimizing functional exercise capacity in the elderly surgical population.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005; 8: 23-32
- The effect of bed rest and potential of prehabilitation on patients in the intensive care unit.AACN Clin Issues. 2002; 13: 263-276
- Prehabilitation for vascular surgery patients: challenges and opportunities.Can J Cardiol. 2022; 38: 645-653
- Effect of a preoperative intervention on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in low-risk patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A randomized, controlled trial.Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 253-262
- Prehabilitation: the right medicine for older frail adults anticipating transcatheter aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass graft, and other cardiovascular care.Clin Geriatr Med. 2019; 35: 571-585
- Cardiac prehabilitation.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019; 33: 2255-2265
- Prehabilitation for the anesthesiologist.Anesthesiology. 2020; 133: 645-652
- The impact of prehabilitation on post-surgical complications in patients undergoing non-urgent cardiovascular surgical intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018; 25: 404-417
- Preoperative intervention reduces postoperative pulmonary complications but not length of stay in cardiac surgical patients: a systematic review.J Physiother. 2014; 60: 66-77
- Prehabilitation in adult patients undergoing surgery: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Br J Anaesth. 2022; 128: 244-257
- Prehabilitation in patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery - effects on functional capacity and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.Clin Rehabil. 2020; 34: 1256-1267
ClinicalTrials.gov. Pre-operative REahbilitation for Reduction of Hospitalization after Coronary Bypass and Valvular surgery. (PREHAB). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02219815?term=PREHAB&draw=2&rank=3. Accessed October 21, 2022.
ClinicalTrials.gov. The PERFORM-TAVR trial (Protein and Exercise to Reverse Frailty in OldeR Men and women undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03522454. Accessed October 22, 2022.
- Preoperative frailty assessment and outcomes at 6 months or later in older adults undergoing cardiac surgical procedures: a systematic review.Ann Intern Med. 2016; 165: 650-660
- Prehabilitation in frail surgical patients: a systematic review.World J Surg. 2020; 44: 3668-3678
- Standards for definitions and use of outcome measures for clinical effectiveness research in perioperative medicine: European Perioperative Clinical Outcome (EPCO) definitions: a statement from the ESA-ESICM joint taskforce on perioperative outcome measures.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015; 32: 88-105
- Pulmonary complications of cardiac surgery.Lung. 2020; 198: 889-896
- Clinical strategies to prevent pulmonary complications in cardiac surgery: an overview.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015; 29: 481-490
- Postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery: the VENICE International Cohort study.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022; 36: 2344-2351
- Prolonged mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery: substudy of the Transfusion Requirements in Cardiac Surgery III trial.Can J Anaesth. 2022; 69: 1493-1506
- Early extubation: a proposed new metric.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016; 28: 290-299
- Preoperative smoking status and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Surg. 2014; 259: 52-71
- Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Med. 2011; 124: 144-154.e8
- Postoperative pulmonary complications.Br J Anaesth. 2017; 118: 317-334
- Respiratory complications of anaesthesia.Anaesthesia. 2018; 73: 25-33
- Preoperative inspiratory muscle training prevents pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery - a systematic review.Dan Med J. 2018; 65: A5450
- Use of incentive spirometry in adults following cardiac, thoracic, and upper abdominal surgery to prevent post-operative pulmonary complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Respiration. 2021; 100: 1114-1127
- Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2015: CD010356
- Preoperative exercise training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing major surgery. A Systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021; 18: 678-688
- Effects of prehabilitation on functional capacity in aged patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgeries: a systematic review.Healthcare (Basel). 2021; 9: 1602
- The effect of intraoperative lung protective ventilation vs conventional ventilation, on postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiopulmonary bypass.J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2017; 9: 221-228
- A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 428-437
- Effect of ventilation strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass on postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial.J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021; 16: 319
- Ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass for prevention of respiratory insufficiency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96e6454
- Effect of intensive vs moderate alveolar recruitment strategies added to lung-protective ventilation on postoperative pulmonary complications: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2017; 317: 1422-1432
- Recruitment maneuvers to reduce pulmonary atelectasis after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022; 164: 171-181.e174
- Development and content validation of a multidisciplinary standardized management pathway for hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome.Crit Care Explor. 2021; 3e0428
- Quality measurement in adult cardiac surgery: part 2--Statistical considerations in composite measure scoring and provider rating.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 83: S13-S26
- Fast-track recovery of the coronary bypass patient.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994; 58: 1742-1746
- Randomized assessment of resource use in fast-track cardiac surgery 1-year after hospital discharge.Anesthesiology. 2003; 98: 651-657
- Fast-track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 9: CD003587
- Quality improvement program increases early tracheal extubation rate and decreases pulmonary complications and resource utilization after cardiac surgery.J Card Surg. 2009; 24: 414-423
- Cardiac surgery fast-track treatment in a postanesthetic care unit: six-month results of the Leipzig fast-track concept.Anesthesiology. 2008; 109: 61-66
- Results from an enhanced recovery program for cardiac surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 159: 1393-1402.e1397
- Implementation of an early extubation protocol in cardiac surgical patients decreased ventilator time but not intensive care unit or hospital length of stay.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018; 32: 739-744
- Early extubation after cardiac surgery: a better predictor of outcome than metric of quality?.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018; 32: 745-747
- Can timing of tracheal extubation predict improved outcomes after cardiac surgery?.HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2009; 1: 39-47
- Sedation after cardiac surgery: is one drug better than another?.Anesth Analg. 2017; 124: 1061-1070
- Sedation and analgesia in the mechanically ventilated patient.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 185: 486-497
- Editor’s choice-the cardiovascular implications of sedatives in the cardiac intensive care unit.Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018; 7: 671-683
- Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2008; 371: 126-134
- Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1471-1477
- Editor’s choice- sedation in the coronary intensive care unit: an adapted algorithm for critically ill cardiovascular patient.Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019; 8: 167-175
- Haemodynamic effects of propofol infusion for sedation after coronary artery surgery.Br J Anaesth. 1995; 75: 47-50
- Dexmedetomidine infusion for more than 24 hours in critically ill patients: sedative and cardiovascular effects.Intensive Care Med. 2004; 30: 2188-2196
- Propofol versus midazolam sedation in patients with cardiogenic shock - an observational propensity-matched study.J Crit Care. 2022; 71154051
- Sedation strategy and ICU delirium: a multicentre, population-based propensity score-matched cohort study.BMJ Open. 2021; 11e045087
- Sedative drugs used for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Curr Med Res Opin. 2019; 35: 435-446
- Dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation in reducing delirium among older adults in the ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020; 37: 121-131
- Outcomes of dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation in critically ill adults requiring mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Anaesth. 2022; 129: 515-526
- Effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on patient-ventilator interaction in difficult-to-wean, mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective, open-label, randomised, multicentre study.Crit Care. 2016; 20: 206
- Dexmedetomidine and sleep quality in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial.BMJ Open. 2022; 12e050282
- Dexmedetomidine for reduction of atrial fibrillation and delirium after cardiac surgery (DECADE): a randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet. 2020; 396: 177-185
- Effect of intravenous acetaminophen vs placebo combined with propofol or dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients following cardiac surgery: the DEXACET randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2019; 321: 686-696
- Evaluating and monitoring analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit.Crit Care. 2008; 12: S2
- American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative joint consensus statement on patient-reported outcomes in an enhanced recovery pathway.Anesth Analg. 2018; 126: 1874-1882
- Days at home after surgery: an integrated and efficient outcome measure for clinical trials and quality assurance.EclinicalMedicine. 2019; 11: 18-26
- Validation of days at home as an outcome measure after surgery: a prospective cohort study in Australia.BMJ Open. 2017; 7e015828
- Failure to rescue: a new Society of Thoracic Surgeons quality metric for cardiac surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022; 113: 1935-1942
- Alternative approaches to quality-adjusted life-year estimation within standard cost-effectiveness models: literature review, feasibility assessment, and impact evaluation.Value Health. 2020; 23: 1523-1533
- Fundamental measurement: the Need Fulfilment Quality of Life (N-QOL) measure.Innov Pharm. 2021; 12https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3798
- Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): a review of generic and condition-specific measures and a discussion of trends and issues.Health Expect. 2021; 24: 1015-1024
- Patient-reported outcome measures and patient-reported experience measures.BJA Education. 2017; 17: 137-144
- Effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on quality of life: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022; 8: 259-268
- Quality of life changes in acute coronary syndromes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17: 6889
- Characterizing patient-centered postoperative recovery after adult cardiac surgery: a systematic review.J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8e013546
- Patient-reported outcomes in cardiothoracic surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 107: 294-301
- Systematic review and consensus definitions for the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine (StEP) initiative: patient comfort.Br J Anaesth. 2018; 120: 705-711
- Patient-reported experiences with coronary artery bypass grafting and valve replacement.Can J Cardiol. 2019; 35: 1344-1352
- Patient experience after cardiac surgery: identifying areas for improvement.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 107: 780-786
- Eliciting patient experiences about their care after cardiac surgery.CJC Open. 2021; 3: 427-433
- Interventions to improve communication at hospital discharge and rates of readmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2119346
- Approaches to addressing post–intensive care syndrome among intensive care unit survivors. A narrative review.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019; 16: 947-956
- Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders’ conference.Crit Care Med. 2012; 40: 502-509
- Home and community-based physical therapist management of adults with post–intensive care syndrome.Phys Ther. 2020; 100: 1062-1073
- Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness.Crit Care Med. 2018; 46: 1393-1401
- New physical, mental, and cognitive problems 1 year after ICU admission: a prospective multicenter study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 203: 1512-1521
- Post-intensive care syndrome as a predictor of mortality in patients with critical illness: a cohort study.PLoS One. 2021; 16e0244564
- Embracing the new vulnerable self: a grounded theory approach on critical care survivors’ post-intensive care syndrome.Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2018; 49: 44-50
- Return to work after critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Thorax. 2020; 75: 17-27
- Post-intensive care syndrome symptoms and health-related quality of life in family decision-makers of critically ill patients.Palliat Support Care. 2018; 16: 719-724
- Patients with a prolonged intensive care unit length of stay have decreased health-related quality of life after cardiac surgery.Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 31: 21-31
- Chronic critical illness and post-intensive care syndrome: from pathophysiology to clinical challenges.Ann Intensive Care. 2022; 12: 58
- An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in adults.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 190: 1437-1446
- ICU-acquired weakness.Chest. 2007; 131: 1541-1549
- Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: a systematic review.Intensive Care Med. 2007; 33: 1876-1891
- Physical impairments associated with post–intensive care syndrome: systematic review based on the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework.Phys Ther. 2018; 98: 631-645
- Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1306-1316
- In-hospital acute stress symptoms are associated with impairment in cognition 1 year after intensive care unit admission.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013; 10: 450-457
- Medical and economic implications of cognitive and psychiatric disability of survivorship.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 33: 348-356
- Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness.Chest. 2006; 130: 869-878
- Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness.Crit Care Med. 2010; 38: 1513-1520
- Psychiatric diagnoses and psychoactive medication use among nonsurgical critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation.JAMA. 2014; 311: 1133-1142
- Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure post-intensive care syndrome.Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2019; 55102756
- Validation of a new clinical tool for post–intensive care syndrome.Am J Crit Care. 2019; 28: 10-18
- The post-ICU presentation screen (PICUPS) and rehabilitation prescription (RP) for intensive care survivors part I: development and preliminary clinimetric evaluation.J Intensive Care Soc. 2022; 23: 253-263
- Instruments to measure outcomes of post-intensive care syndrome in outpatient care settings – results of an expert consensus and feasibility field test.J Intensive Care Soc. 2021; 22: 159-174
- The ABCDEF bundle in critical care.Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33: 225-243
- Effects of the ABCDE bundle on the prevention of post-intensive care syndrome: a retrospective study.J Adv Nurs. 2020; 76: 588-599
- ABCDE and ABCDEF care bundles: a systematic review of the implementation process in intensive care units.Medicine (Baltimore). 2022; 101e29499
- Interventions in post-intensive care syndrome-family: a systematic literature review.Crit Care Med. 2020; 48: e835-e840
- Models of peer support to remediate post-intensive care syndrome: a report developed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine Thrive International Peer Support Collaborative.Crit Care Med. 2019; 47: e21-e27
- The effects of intensive care unit-initiated transitional care interventions on elements of post-intensive care syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aust Crit Care. 2022; 35: 309-320
- Comprehensive care of ICU survivors: development and implementation of an ICU recovery center.J Crit Care. 2018; 46: 141-148
- Effects of post-ICU follow-up on subject outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Crit Care. 2019; 52: 115-125
Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 04, 2023
Accepted:
January 29,
2023
Received:
October 22,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofFootnotes
See page 12 for disclosure information.
Identification
Copyright
© 2023 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
